This article classifies the extreme gross foreign direct investment (FDI) flow episodes into four types. It empirically investigates the determinants of each type by estimating complementary log-log (Clog–log) and probit regressions for 50 developing economies over the period 1990–2018. We document that domestic GDP growth rate, inflation, institutional quality, and human capital are the major empirical drivers of FDI flows. The world uncertainty index (WUI) is negatively associated with FDI inflows toward developing countries. Moreover, we find that the domestic GDP growth rate is positively associated with the probability of having FDI surge and FDI flight. In contrast, inflation is negatively linked with FDI surge episodes. These findings provide a better understanding of the empirical determinants of FDI flows to and from developing countries. The findings also help to understand the behavior of FDI extreme movements.

Adherence problems are an inherent issue with any bio-psycho-social-spiritual prescription for any disease or behvaioural entity. It is all the more important in a patient with severe mental illness like Schizophrenia with limited insight. In several countries various interventions have been studied to address adherence problems in psychosis. Such as compliance therapy, family and psycho educational interventions, telephonic prompting and also legislative measures like Community Treatment Orders (CTO) have to date shown inconsistent and only modest benefits. Incentives based interventions have been tested for both preventive measures and also for adherence problems in chronic diseases. The Institute of Mental Health, Singapore has implemented a Pilot Supervision Programme (PSP) that incentivise patient engagement through quarterly vouchers as well as minimising barriers to accessing service by waiving off certain treatment fees whilst also offering them intensive intervention for one year. Our Pilot Programme, that focused on high risk patients with diagnosis of severe mental illness needing involuntary admission with history of either prolonged or repeated admissions, has begun recruiting patients since October 2012. The comparison was done between pre and post intervention phase. Total of 58 patients (95% suffering from schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) accepted into the treatment programme and of that nearly half of them have completed 6 months interventions. The results are promising with more than 50% improvemnt in length of stay, number of admissions and psychiatric emergency room visits, making significant impact on our high risk patients with severe mental illness.

This paper intends to examine social stigma and family support among HIV/AIDS patients in terms of psychological context. As social stigma among patients has created psychological problems and family members have been trying to manage the issue through social support. Hence, these patients have faced depression, stress, and anxiety in their life as they have been socially stigmatized. This study used a quantitative study design to conduct a cross-sectional survey from 200 HIV/AIDS patients sampled through a convenient sampling technique from district headquarters hospital Sargodha. The measurement scales were used including Demographic Sheet, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), Perceived Discrimination Devaluation Scale (PDSS), and Perceived Family Support Scale (PFSS). The scale was pretested, and the value of Alpha was ranging from .811 to .915. The study findings asserted that perceived social support has a significant positive relationship with psychological problems among HIV/AIDS patients. The depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress symptoms were found to be high among the participants reporting an increased level of perceived social stigma. HIV/AIDS-related social stigma increase fear of rejection, loneliness, and other psychological issues. The results also pointed out that perceived social stigma mediated the relationship between the perceived family support and psychological problems, revealing the fact that it is eminent to prevent the HIV/AIDS-related stigma. Keywords: Social Stigma, Family Support, Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Patients