ABSTRACT… Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the main etiological factors responsible for non-functional kidneys and the most common presenting complaints in patients undergoing simple nephrectomy in a tertiary care hospital. Setting: Urology department of Nishter Medical College and Hospital Multan. Period: January 2014 to June 2015 were selected for this study. Methods: A total of Eighty (80) patients with non-functional kidney, who underwent simple nephrectomy. Patients of any age and gender were included. Patients having non-functional kidney due to any malignancy were excluded from this analysis. Detailed clinical history regarding pain, micturition, radiographic findings and co-morbid conditions was taken from every patients. Results: The mean patient's age was 29.21+11.80 years and the median age was 25 years. Most common presenting complaints was flank pain. Mean Duration of flank pain was 21.86+35.06 months. 45 (56.2%) were presented with Rt. Flank pain, 29 (36.2%) were presented with Lt. Flank pain and 6 (7.5%) were of not having pain. Most common presenting complaint along with flank pain was fever presented in 19 (23.8%) patients. The 2 nd most common was dysuria, 15 (8.8%) patients were presented with flank pain+dysuria. 11 (13.8%) were with flank pain + pyrexia. Stone disease was the most common pathology responsible for non-functional kidney diagnosed in 40 (50%) patients, out of which 35 (43.8%) were with renal stones and 5 (6.2%) with ureteric stones. The 2 nd most common pathology was Uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) presented in 25 (31.2%) patients. Conclusion: Renal stones are most common benign cause responsible for most of the nephrectomies and UPJO is the 2 nd most common pathology. While most common presenting complains of patients suffering from non-functional kidney are flank pain, and flank pain along with fever or Pyuria. Key words:Non-functional kidney, flank pain, nephrectomy. Article Citation: Masood N, Hameed A, Javed MI, Zaidi AI, Bilal A, Naeem K. Simple nephrectomy; etiologies and common presentation of non-functional kidneys in patients in a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Refractive errors and eye diseases are the main core issues in the jail inmates in Pakistan and especially in Punjab province but with best efforts the ophthalmic disorders can be controlled with the help of better screening process for refractive errors, presbyopia, low vision and the general ophthalmic disorders that are found among the jail inmates. The over burden of these ailments can be minimized following a comprehensive screening methods time to time using slandered guidelines approved by WHO. Methodology: A plan was executed for basic necessary screening process to find out the ophthalmic diseases and vision problems. A team of ophthalmologist, optometrists and ophthalmic technicians visited inmates in the jail who presented with any eye problem in this 1-day screening. Auto refraction and manual retinoscopy was done. Visual cut off point was 6/12. Ophthalmic eye medication and glasses (spectacles) was provided free of cost. Results: a total of 270 inmates were examined in the eye camp. The study showed prevalence of refractive errors 4% with a significant high ratio of presbyopia 34% as 79%of inmates were more than 40 year of age. Prevalence of other main eye disease was: conjunctivitis 3%, glaucoma 1% and cataract 2%. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to look into matter of presence the eye diseases and refractive errors found among jail inmates as they fall in the category of marginalized community and the health care provided with ease has no provision the general eye health care. So it is an important issue to lodge a comprehensive effective initiative for the provision of that need mentioned above and a training program for the medical staff of jail hospitals to screen out this community for effective screening knowledge in Primary Eye care.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the main etiological factorsresponsible for non-functional kidneys and the most common presenting complaints in patientsundergoing simple nephrectomy in a tertiary care hospital. Setting: Urology departmentof Nishter Medical College and Hospital Multan. Period: January 2014 to June 2015 wereselected for this study. Methods: A total of Eighty (80) patients with non-functional kidney, whounderwent simple nephrectomy. Patients of any age and gender were included. Patients havingnon-functional kidney due to any malignancy were excluded from this analysis. Detailed clinicalhistory regarding pain, micturition, radiographic findings and co-morbid conditions was takenfrom every patients. Results: The mean patient’s age was 29.21+11.80 years and the medianage was 25 years. Most common presenting complaints was flank pain. Mean Duration of flankpain was 21.86+35.06 months. 45 (56.2%) were presented with Rt. Flank pain, 29 (36.2%) werepresented with Lt. Flank pain and 6 (7.5%) were of not having pain. Most common presentingcomplaint along with flank pain was fever presented in 19 (23.8%) patients. The 2nd mostcommon was dysuria, 15 (8.8%) patients were presented with flank pain+dysuria. 11 (13.8%)were with flank pain + pyrexia. Stone disease was the most common pathology responsible fornon-functional kidney diagnosed in 40 (50%) patients, out of which 35 (43.8%) were with renalstones and 5 (6.2%) with ureteric stones. The 2nd most common pathology was Uretero-pelvicjunction obstruction (UPJO) presented in 25 (31.2%) patients. Conclusion: Renal stones aremost common benign cause responsible for most of the nephrectomies and UPJO is the 2ndmost common pathology. While most common presenting complains of patients suffering fromnon-functional kidney are flank pain, and flank pain along with fever or Pyuria.