BackgroundChia (Salvia hispanica L.) is known as power house of omega fatty acids which has great health benefits. It contains up to 78% linolenic acid (ω-3) and 18% linoleic acid (ω-6), which could be a great source of omega-3 fatty acids for functional foods. Therefore, in this study, margarines were prepared with supplementation of different concentrations of chia oil to enhance omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant characteristics and oxidative stability of the product.MethodsMargarines were formulated from non-hydrogenated palm oil, palm kernel and butter. Margarines were supplemented with 5, 10, 15 and 20% chia oil (T1, T2, T3 and T4), respectively. Margarine without any addition of chia oil was kept as control. Margarine samples were stored at 5 °C for a period of 90 days. Physico-chemical (fat, moisture, refractive index, melting point, solid fat index, fatty acids profile, total phenolic contents, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, free fatty acids and peroxide value) and sensory characteristics were studied at the interval of 45 days.ResultsThe melting point of T1, T2, T3 and T4 developed in current investigation were 34.2, 33.8, 33.1 and 32.5 °C, respectively. The solid fat index of control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 were 47.21, 22.71, 20.33, 18.12 and 16.58%, respectively. The α-linolenic acid contents in T1, T2, T3 and T4 were found 2.92, 5.85, 9.22, 12.29%, respectively. The concentration of eicosanoic acid in T2, T3 and T4 was 1.82, 3.52, 6.43 and 9.81%, respectively. The content of docosahexanoic acid in T2, T3 and T4 was present 1.26, 2.64, 3.49 and 5.19%, respectively. The omega-3 fatty acids were not detected in the control sample. Total phenolic contents of control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 samples were 0.27, 2.22, 4.15, 7.23 and 11.42 mg GAE/mL, respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity for control, T1, T2, T3 and T4 was noted 65.8, 5.37, 17.82, 24.95, 45.42 and 62.8%, respectively. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, phenolic glycoside k and phenolic glycoside Q in T3 were present 0.78, 0.73, 1.82, 4.12 and 4.49 mg/mL, respectively. After 90 days of storage period, free fatty acids and peroxide value of all the treatments were less than 0.2 (% and MeqO2/kg). Sensory characteristics of treatments were not different from the control.ConclusionMargarines supplemented with chia oil showed enhanced level of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidant characteristics. These results suggest that chia oil can be used for formulation of margarine with increased level of omega-3 fatty acids and acceptable sensory characteristics.

BackgroundMilk fat is one of the complex fat and most sensitive biochemical compounds towards auto-oxidation. To enhance the shelf life, milk is subjected to Ultra-high Temperature (UHT) treatment followed by aseptic packaging. During the storage, several chemical and biochemical changes take place in lipid fraction of UHT milk. In current investigation, the effect of UHT treatment and storage was determined by making a comparison in fatty acid profile, triglyceride composition, organic acids and lipid oxidation of the thermally treated and stored milk with raw milk, which was not reported in earlier investigations.MethodsRaw milk samples were collected from the bulk storage facility of a dairy industry. The same milk was routed to UHT treatment and aseptically packaged samples were collected. The fatty acid profile, triglyceride composition, organic acids and lipid oxidation was determined in raw and UHT treated milk at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. Fatty acid and triglyceride profile was determined on GC-MS while organic acids were determined by HPLC. For the measurement of induction period, professional Rancimat was used. Lipid oxidation was characterized through free fatty acids, peroxide value, anisidine value and conjugated dienes.ResultsCompositional attributes of milk remain unchanged during the entire length of storage. Concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in raw and UHT milk were 10.49% and 9.62%. UHT treatment resulted in 8.3% loss of short-chain fatty acids. Up to 30 days, storage did not have any significant effect on fatty acid profile of UHT milk. Concentration of medium-chain fatty acids in raw and UHT treated milk was 54.98% and 51.87%. After 30, 60 and 90 days of storage, concentration of medium chain fatty acids was found 51.23%, 47.23% and 42.82%, respectively. Concentration of C18:1 and C18:2 in raw and UHT milk was 26.86% and 25.43%, respectively. The loss of C18:1 and C18:2 in UHT treatment was 5.32%. After 30, 60 and 90 days of storage, the concentrations of C18:1 and C18:2 were 24.6%, 21.06% and 18.66%, respectively. Storage period of 30 days was found non-significant, while noticeable variations were found in triglyceride profile of 60 and 90 days old samples of UHT milk. UHT treatment and storage period significantly affected the concentration of organic acids in milk. After UHT treatment, concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, formic acid, succinic acid and oxalic acid increased by 3.45, 0.66, 3.57, 0.68, 2.24, 2.16 and 1.63 mg/100 g. Effect of storage period on the production of organic acids in UHT milk was non-significant up to 30 days. After 60 days of storage period, the increase in concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, formic acid, succinic acid and oxalic acid was 3.79, 0.75, 4.69, 0.78, 2.83, 3.03 and 2.38 mg/100 g. After 90 days of storage period, the increase in concentration of lactic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, pyruvic acid, formic acid, succinic acid and oxalic acid was 7.3, 2.18, 9.96, 3.58, 11.37, 5.22 and ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of apple peel polyphenol extract (APPE) on the microbiological and physicochemical properties of yoghurt ice cream stored at À20°C for 90 days. Five level of APPE were added in yoghurt ice cream as: CTL (control without APPE); AE1 (1% APPE); AE2 (2% APPE); AE3 (3% APPE); AE4 (4% APPE); and AE5 (5% APPE). Samples with APPE had viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis of ≥8 log cfu g À1 and >7 log cfu g À1 , respectively, during 90 days storage except the control sample. The highest viability of probiotics was obtained in the sample fortified with 5% APPE. The presence of APPE increased the acidity, decreased the melting rate and enhanced the overrun. Compared with the control sample, the hardness of the experimental samples increased with the fortification of APPE. The addition of APPE significantly increased sensory attributes.Survival of probiotics in yoghurt ice cream I. Ahmad et al.

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