Farmers in the rain-fed agriculture in arid regions are highly exposed to the adverse effects of climate change due to complete reliance on frequency, intensity, and timing of the rainfall. Adaptation, in such condition, becomes crucial to remain in farming in climate change regime. In the rural settings of the less-developed areas, farm households mostly adapt to risks posed by climate change individually. However, the benefits of private adaptation can be private and public depending on the type of adaptation strategies. The present study investigates different adaptation strategies of farmers using cross-sectional data collected from semi-arid region of Punjab province of Pakistan. The study also examines the role of socioeconomic characteristics of farmers on adaptation to climate change. Private adaptations for private and public benefits are considered in the present study. Data is collected from 190 respondents through random sampling. Logit model is employed to find out determinants of adaptation strategies adopted by the farmers. Results indicate that education, farming experience, family size and tractor ownership are significantly related with adaptation to climate change. The study concludes that policymakers should consider the potential difference in private benefits and public benefits resulting from private adaptation to climate change in relation to human capital, family assets and farm machinery when designing policy interventions for climate adaptations. The public goods related private adaptations should be encouraged through appropriate policy interventions.

Natural hazards are dynamic and unpredictable events that are a continuous threat to global socio-economic development. Humans’ reactions to these catastrophes are influenced by their proximity to the hazards and their ability to anticipate, resist, cope with, and recover from their consequences. Due to climatic changes, the risk of multiple natural hazards is expected to increase in several regions of Pakistan. There is a pressing need to understand the spatial discrepancies of natural hazards due to climate change and identifying the regions that require special measures to increase resilience, achieve adaptation, and sustainable development goals. This paper synthesizes the related literature to understand spatial variations of natural hazards due to climate changes across Pakistan. The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Landslide Catalog (NASA-GLC), National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), and Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) are utilized to analyze spatial discrepancies and vulnerabilities to natural hazards. This study unveils that Pakistan’s current risk analysis and management strategies seem to be obsolete compared to global trends. Because of spatial variations of hazards, most research work on hazard risk assessments and risk management focuses on a single hazard, neglecting the co-occurrence impact of different natural hazards. Very limited studies are included in comprehensive multi-hazard risk strategies. Therefore, in Pakistan, risk management would require integrated multi-hazard risk assessment approaches to detect, analyze, measure, and evaluate various natural hazards, their effects, and interconnections. Moreover, the Pakistan governmental institutes dealing with natural hazards should focus on pre-disaster mitigation and resilience techniques instead of investing only in post-disaster relief activities.

Abstract-Security is a major concern in all computing environments. One way to achieve security is to deploy a secure operating system (OS). A trusted OS can actually secure all the resources and can resist the vulnerabilities and attacks effectively. In this paper, our contribution is twofold. Firstly, we critically analyze the host vulnerabilities in modern desktop OSs. We group existing approaches and provide an easy and concise view of different security models adapted by most widely used OSs. The comparison of several OSs regarding structure, architecture, mode of working, and security models also form part of the paper. Secondly, we use the current usage statistics for Windows, Linux, and MAC OSs and predict their future. Our forecast will help the designers, developers and users of the different OSs to prepare for the upcoming years accordingly.

Transportation system in urban areas of Pakistan is facing issues of sustainability. Transportation sustainability challenges must be processed. The sustainable practices deployment is necessary solution to the increasing traffic. While effectiveness of these sustainable solutions mainly depends on the public awareness and their attitude towards them. This research is conducted to assess the sustainable transportation practices with the awareness level of citizens and how they think about them during their interaction to these solutions. The method of this research is selected as quantitative somehow mixed with the qualitative research. To assess the public attitude questionnaire was developed based on the indicators of the sustainable transportation practices. This questionnaire is spread among the resident of Lahore and Karachi city after evaluating their needs for better and sustainable transportation to overcome increasing urban development. The results show that people have overall positive attitude towards sustainable development.

On 12 November 2017, an earthquake occurred in Sarpol Zahab city, located on the Iraq/Iran boundary, with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3. Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) L-band (23.6 cm wavelength) and C-band Sentinel-1A data (ascending and descending) were used to detect the co-seismic displacements maps caused by this earthquake. The ALOS-2 data was utilized to reconstruct the 3D co-seismic displacements maps, as well as estimate the fault-dip and slip distribution along the rupture. The results showed the maximum surface displacement in the north, east, and up directions to be 100, 50, and 100 cm, respectively. The best-fit faulting geometry had a strike of 337.5° and a dip of 11.2° toward the northeast, at a depth of 8 km. The predicted geodetic moment was 1.15 1020 Nm, which corresponds to a magnitude of Mw 7.31. There were two significant slip sources: one in the shallower depth range of 8.5–10 km, with a peak slip of 5 m, and another in the depth range of 10.5–20 km, with a peak slip of 5.3 m. Both controlled the principal deformation signals in geodetic images. The slip was concentrated, along with a strike distance of 20 to 40 km, at a depth of 10 to 20 km. The earthquake was caused by the Zagros Mountains Front Fault (ZMFF), based on the results of 3D co-seismic deformation, inferred slip, preliminary investigation, and interpretation of the mainshock, as well as aftershock distributions.