This study aims to realize the manufacturing of a prototype design of a pico-hydro power plant, which is expected to be a science of study and a reference for students at the University of Singaperbangsa Karawang in particular and Indonesian students in general, as well as monitoring the performance test of the prototype of pico-hydro power plant that is used as an electricity needs for lighting. The design and manufacture of this prototype require several supporting components: a). Pressure gauge; b). Pelton type turbines; c). Tacho Meter; d). Single-phase Ac generator; e). Avometer; f). Energy saving LED lamp. Pico-hydro power plant prototype testing is carried out by measuring the voltage generated by the generator, tested at no load and given a load using variations of 55%, 70%, 85%, 100% valve openings. Based on the results of the performance test, the pico-hydro power plant can work well. That matter can be seen from the largest flow valve opening which results in a high water flow rate, so that it can rotate the turbine quickly. The flow rate greatly affects the generator rotation. No-load test results, the largest voltage of 90 volts is obtained when using 100% valve opening, with the output producing an air flow of 0.0017 m3 / s, rotation (N1) 136 rpm, rotation (N2) 979 rpm. The results with the load, the largest voltage of 60 volts is obtained when using 100% valve openings, with the output producing rotation (N1) 133 rpm, rotation (N2) 957 rpm, and current 0.13 A when supplying the 4 LED lamps type of 3 watts with litting up brightly.

Although the secularization process has been carried out tremendously in modern Turkey since the establishment of the republic, the role of religion (i.e. Islam) was not fully denied. This became more apparent especially in the area of education. In this regard, the Kemalist regime has established the Imam-Hatip School since the formation of modern Turkey. However, throughout its development, the schools have experienced various challenges and sanctions. Hence, this paper aims to discuss the conflicts faced by the Imam-Hatip School as a religious educational institution in Turkey and attempts that have been made to overcome the conflicts. Thispaper relies on the textual study by analyzing related documents, reports, and other previous studies. In general, the conflicts that struck the Imam-Hatip School were due to a narrative where its existence was contrary to the principle of secularism. As a result, the schools were undermined by authorities where graduates from the schools were marginalized from pursuing their study in universities, and the schools were closed as an effect from the structuration of the schooling system. The conflicts have led some attempts to revive the status of the school as a religious educational institution. Although the attempts have led to positive implications, they also contributed to the polarization among people.

From the very beginning, the establishment of modern Turkey adhered to thesecularisation process, namely to separate the state from religious influence.Although religion has been marginalised, Islam remained a major societal force inTurkey. This scenario raises some questions: What is the idea of Turkish secularism?How can religion possess influence in the context of Turkey as a secular state?What is the form and orientation of secularism in Turkey? Therefore, this studyaims to answer these questions by scrutinising the idea, history, and orientation ofsecularism in Turkey. To fulfil this objective, we scrutinised documents and previousstudies related to Turkish secularism. Then, the idea of Turkish secularism was critically and chronologically analysed from the early time it was implemented upto the present time to assume its orientation. In the early time, Turkish secularismdid not solely separate the state from religion, but perceived that the state shouldcontrol religion as well. Its assertive nature has forced the emergence of a moreliberal version of secularism, which treats the idea of separation between the state and religion according to the notion of democracy, and hence, freed religion from the strict, tutelary state. Secularism in Turkey under the present regime is differentfrom before, as religious (Islamic) manifestation is increasingly visible in publicspaces even though the state remains secular. We argue that the present Turkishsecularism can become a “model” for other Muslim countries that are still dealingwith the conflict regarding the religion-state relationship.

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Proses sekularisasi yang dilaksanakan di Turki turut memberi kesan kepada perlembagaan negara tersebut. Perlembagaan Turki yang beridentiti sekular menjadikannya sebagai sebuah kontrak sosial yang bersifat mencengkam dan mengekang kebebasan individu, termasuklah untuk mengamalkan agama secara bebas. Kemunculan Parti Keadilan dan Pembangunan (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) dengan wacana demokrasi konservatif cenderung untuk membuka ruang kebebasan yang lebih luas, termasuklah untuk membolehkan pengamalan agama dilakukan secara bebas. Justeru, artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses pendemokrasian di Turki yang dilakukan oleh AKP menerusi pindaan perlembagaan pada tahun 2010. Artikel ini menganalisis secara langsung Perlembagaan Turki sebagai sumber primer kajian dengan meneliti perbezaan sebelum dan selepas pindaan pada tahun tersebut. Selain itu, senario sepanjang proses pindaan perlembagaan dilakukan turut dianalisis secara mendalam. Secara keseluruhan, pindaan perlembagaan tahun 2010 sememangnya menyumbang kepada proses pendemokrasian di Turki. Pindaan tersebut memberi kesan kepada kedudukan hak asasi rakyat, di samping tentera dan badan kehakiman yang selama ini diperuntukkan dengan bidang kuasa yang luas. Sebagai sebuah negara sekular, proses pendemokrasian merupakan langkah yang berkesan di Turki untuk membuka ruang kepada kebebasan pengamalan agama masyarakat.