Objectives: The current study is designed to evaluate and compare the histological changes in the surgical samples of prostate taken from patients undergoing transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) with different sizes.Methods: Prostate surgical tissue samples were obtained from BPH patients undergoing TURP after taking informed consent. Ultrasound measure of prostatic weight and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were obtained from the patients along with other clinical and demographic details. Tissue samples were fixed, processed, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome to look for histological features, specifically smooth muscle proliferation. Immunohistochemical expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 was recorded to assess the calcification potential.Results: Fifty-nine surgical samples were obtained from the patients of age range 50-90 years and body mass index (BMI) 15.6-33.3 kg/m 2 . The range of ultrasound measures of prostate weight was 20-137 g with PSA ranged 1.03-93.3 ng/mL. Patients with small-sized prostate had significant severe smooth muscle proliferation (P < .001). Prostate size/weight had significant positive association with BMI (P < 0.001, r = 0.543) and negative association with BMP-2 (P < 0.001, r = À0.654). Samples with severe smooth muscle proliferation were with increased BMP-2 expression (P < .001) and higher levels of PSA levels (P = 0.004). BMP-2 expression revealed positive significant association with PSA (P < .001, r = 0.432). Conclusion:From this study we conclude that BPH patients with small-sized glands and high PSA levels have increased smooth muscle proliferation and calcification potential causing the symptoms of lower urinary tract symptoms in these patients.

Background: Doxorubicin is an effective chemotherapeutic drug, but its toxic potential limits its use. Aim: To study the effects of doxorubicin on the relative tissue weight index and hepatic central vein diameter in the albino rats. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration of study: Study was conducted on 20 adult albino rats of both male and female gender in the animal house of Anatomy department, (PGMI) Lahore, Pakistan in April 2019. Materials & Methods: Twenty, healthy adult albino rats of either sex, aging 6 to 8 weeks with 180-220 g of weight were randomly allotted to two groups A and B, each group having ten animals. Standard Rat feed and distilled water were given intraperitonially in the dose of 1.2mg/kg/body weight to the control group whereas doxorubicin was given intraperitoneally in the dose of 1.2mg/kg/body weight to the experimental group twice a week for 21 days. Body weight along with relative Tissue Weight Index were measured in gms at the end of the experiment. Diameter of central vein (µm) was assessed histologically. Results: The mean weight of the liver decreased significantly in the experimental group. On the contrary, the relative tissue weight index in all groups were significantly different according to the One-way-ANOVA test. The increase in the diameter of the central vein in the drug administered group commenced on significant basis (p-value < 0.001) Conclusion: Doxorubicin has toxic effect on the relative tissue weight index and hepatic central vein diameter in the albino rats KeyWords: Doxorubicin, Liver weight, relative tissue weight index, Central vein diameter, Liver, Hepatoxicity, Albino rats

<p><strong>Background and Objectives:</strong> Pterygium occurs throughout the world but the exact pathogenesis is still not clear. The reports on the association between eye anatomical parameters and presence of pterygium is controversial, similarly how the histological features of the pterygium may differ due to these parameters is not known. Thus, the focus of this study was to explore this gap by assessing and comparing the anatomical parameters of eye in pterygium patients and in healthy controls. In addition, histological features of pterygium were assessed and correlated with the eye anatomical parameters of the patients.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Forty-one pterygium patients of age range 25-70 years undergoing surgery were included in the study after taking written informed consent. Forty-two age and sex matched healthy controls were also recruited for assessing anatomical eye parameters. Relevant history with demographic details of every subject was obtained. All participants underwent a thorough ophthalmic examination. Assessment of orbital protrusion and interpalpebral distance was measured by millimeter scale. Tear film breakup time (TFBUT) and Schirmer test was used for tear film assessment. Presence of any meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) was examined by slit lamp. Post-surgical tissue samples from patients were assessed for histological features with H&amp; E, PAS &amp; Verhoeff stains. Data were processed and analyzed by using SPSS version 21.0.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Eyeball protrusion and MGD was found higher in pterygium patients as compared to controls. Basement membrane fragmentation on histology significantly correlated with the eyeball protrusion (P&lt;0.04) and TFBUT (P&lt;0.020), inflammation significantly correlated with the MGD (P&lt;0.05) while elastosis showed significant correlation with TFBUT (P&lt;0.001).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> It can be concluded that eye anatomical parameters might be the risk factors in the development of pterygium. The correlation between certain histological features &amp; eye anatomical parameters indicate that anatomical eye parameters can be taken as risk factor for recurrence in these patients.&nbsp;</p>