Recently, there has been huge surge of scientific interest in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells by virtue of their high efficiency and low cost fabrication procedures. Herein, we examine the light propagation inside a planar perovskite solar cell structure (ITO/TiO 2 /ZnO/CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 /Spiro-OMeTAD/Al) by solving the Helmholtz equation in the finite element-frequency domain. The simulations were conducted using the COMSOL multiphysics finite element solver to carry out the two-dimensional optical modelling of simulated solar cells in the visible region. It has been observed that shorter wavelengths of light are significantly absorbed by the top region of the photoactive perovskite layer. Specifically, at a wavelength of 400 nm, the effective optical power penetration decays to zero at only 40% of the overall length of the photoactive layer. This observation has been attributed to the high absorption coefficient of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite material at shorter wavelengths. However, at longer wavelengths, the incident light propagates deeper into the photoactive layer, reaching 100% penetration. Based on the numerical computation, a maximum generation rate of ∼3.43 × 10 23 m 3 s −1 has been observed in the photoactive layer at a wavelength of 550 nm.

Abstract. This paper presents the modeling and design of a 3 kW Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) used for a variable speed wind turbine. Initially, the PMSG is modeled in the d-q reference frame. Different optimized parameters of the generator are extracted from the design and used in simulation of the PMSG. The generator output power is matched with the power of the turbine such that the generator is not either over-sized or undersized.

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Background: The accurate energy yield prediction of a PV system under various environmental conditions is important for designing a high-performance PV system. Objective: The robust and cost-effective digital simulation studies on PV systems have the advantage in comparison to studies based on measurements because they provide the opportunity for sensitivity analysis on various design parameters of the PV system. Methods: Herein, we present the development and implementation of a generalized photovoltaic computational model using Matlab/Simulink software package. The model is based on the equivalent diode circuit approach. It is designed to simulate two ubiquitous and high performing 2nd generation photovoltaic (PV) modules constructed with Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and Copper Indium Gallium di-Selenide (CIGS) photoactive thin films, respectively. The values of key input parameters to the simulator, i.e., parallel resistor (Rp) and series resistor (Rs) have been computed by an efficient Newton-Raphson iteration method. Results: The output current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) characteristic curves of the aforementioned PV modules have been simulated by taking two input variables (ambient irradiance and temperature) into consideration. The electrical performance of both PV modules under various environmental conditions have been mathematically investigated by the solution of classical non-linear equations. Conclusion: The developed PV model has been validated with the experimental results obtained from standard PV module datasheets provided by manufacturers. The relative error between the simulated and experimental values of various photovoltaic parameters for CdTe and CIGS PV modules at Standard Test Conditions (STC) has been observed to be below 3%.