Much remains unknown about the population history of early modern humans in southeast Asia, where the archaeological record is sparse and the tropical climate is inimical to the preservation of ancient human DNA1. So far, only two low-coverage pre-Neolithic human genomes have been sequenced from this region. Both are from mainland Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherer sites: Pha Faen in Laos, dated to 7939–7751 calibrated years before present (yr cal bp; present taken as ad 1950), and Gua Cha in Malaysia (4.4–4.2 kyr cal bp)1. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first ancient human genome from Wallacea, the oceanic island zone between the Sunda Shelf (comprising mainland southeast Asia and the continental islands of western Indonesia) and Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea). We extracted DNA from the petrous bone of a young female hunter-gatherer buried 7.3–7.2 kyr cal bp at the limestone cave of Leang Panninge2 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Genetic analyses show that this pre-Neolithic forager, who is associated with the ‘Toalean’ technocomplex3,4, shares most genetic drift and morphological similarities with present-day Papuan and Indigenous Australian groups, yet represents a previously unknown divergent human lineage that branched off around the time of the split between these populations approximately 37,000 years ago5. We also describe Denisovan and deep Asian-related ancestries in the Leang Panninge genome, and infer their large-scale displacement from the region today.

Damage to prehistoric cave drawings, like other cultural objects, is inevitable. This claim was widely accepted among researchers and observers of prehistoric culture in Indonesia. Even more so for images in karst caves with a medium for painting in the form of limestone surfaces that have dynamic properties. The life cycle of this rock type is influenced by natural processes, mainly by water factors such as dissolution and sedimentation. In addition, the sun, temperature fluctuations, and wind also accelerate the weathering rate, which causes many changes in the structure of the rock both thoroughly and massively, and partially. The belief in damage to prehistoric cave drawings in the Maros-Pangkep Karst Area has long been echoed by researchers and conservationists, but very few of these circles can prove how the damage process occurred, even to prove how fast the damage is. However, the development of image conditions can be measured by a simpler method to determine the speed of damage. This article offers a method that can be applied to cases of prehistoric cave image damage so that changes can be identified, in particular the volume of damage.

Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) that have been agreed in conjunction with ASEAN Economi Community (AEC), mandate the free flow of worker, one of which is Nurse. With this MRA on Nurse, the nurses originated from ASEAN have better access to work in other ASEAN states. However, MRA on Nurse has to face some problems in difference of education level, permissions, payment and dispute settlement. This article aims to examine legal policy on harmonization in regulating nurse in Indonesia in order to fulfill the standard of nurse regulation which mandated by AEC and MRA on Nurse. This article is normative research, use secondary data which obtained through library research and interview as addition data. This article present deductively. The result show that there are some problems in process of harmonization in Indonesia, specifically Law Number 35 year 2014 on Nursery, as main regulation on nurse, legitimated before the implementation of AEC. It means this law still not fulfill the standard of AEC. Therefore, Indonesia need to harmonize the regulation on nursery according to each standard mandated by AEC and MRA on Nurse.

Since the recent discovery of Late Pleistocene rock art in Island Southeast Asia was announced, evidence for symbolic behaviour in the region has become a focus of international archaeological interest. South Sulawesi is one region that hold much evidence for this important human activity. In addition to the cave paintings, several engraved stone artefacts have also been recovered in the same area, nearly all of which date back to the Late Pleistocene. However, while cave use by ‘hunter-gatherer’ societies continued into the Holocene period, archaeological evidence for symbolic expression during this Toalean period is extremely rare. Here, we report for the first time on engraved stone artefacts from the Middle Holocene period, associated with six human burials. Of ten incised artefacts recovered, eight are stone flakes and two are stone plaquettes, all made of hematite material. Our study suggests that unlike comparative Pleistocene engraved stones, the incisions on the Cappalombo artefacts are more likely the result of use-wear that occurs from producing red pigment powder than portable artworks. As no Toalean-age cave art has yet been identified, it is suspected that pigment powder was applied to the corpses as part of a burial practice or perhaps smeared on the body of the person/s performing the ceremony itself as part of a symbolic ritualistic activity. Sejak penemuan gambar cadas Pleistosen Akhir terbaru diumumkan di Pulau Asia Tenggara, bukti perilaku simbolis di wilayah tersebut telah menjadi fokus kajian arkeologis internasional. Sulawesi Selatan adalah salah satu wilayah yang menyimpan banyak bukti aktivitas manusia yang penting ini. Selain lukisan gua, beberapa artefak batu berukir juga telah ditemukan di daerah yang sama, hampir semuanya berasal dari Pleistosen Akhir. Namun, ketika penggunaan gua oleh masyarakat 'pemburu-pengumpul' berlanjut hingga periode Holosen, bukti arkeologis untuk ekspresi simbolis selama periode Toalean ini sangat langka. Di sini, kami melaporkan untuk pertama kalinya tentang artefak batu berukir dari periode Holosen Tengah, yang terkait dengan enam penguburan manusia. Dari sepuluh artefak gores yang ditemukan, delapan berupa serpihan batu dan dua berupa plakat batu, semuanya terbuat dari bahan hematit. Studi kami menunjukkan bahwa tidak seperti batu terukir Pleistosen, sayatan pada artefak Cappalombo lebih mungkin hasil dari penggunaan yang terjadi dari memproduksi bubuk pigmen merah daripada karya seni portabel. Karena seni gua periode Toalean belum dapat diidentifikasi, diduga bubuk pigmen dioleskan pada mayat sebagai bagian dari praktik penguburan atau mungkin dioleskan pada tubuh orang yang melakukan upacara itu sendiri sebagai bagian dari aktifitas ritual simbolis.

Occupational Health and Safety (K3) is an effort to prevent accidents and occupational diseases by recognizing the potential for accidents and occupational diseases. This study aims to determine the potential hazards at the Press station of PT. XYZ, knowing the risks of occupational safety and health and suggestions for prevention or control of occupational safety and health (K3). Data collection techniques using observation and interview methods. The analysis used is HIRARC (hazard identification risk assessment and risk control). Based on the results of this study, the potential hazards include hitting the head on an oil pipeline, slipping/falling, inhalation of dust, exposure to steam/odor, exposure to noise, and being blown away by hot steam. The results using the risk level matrix and the likelihood and concequence values are known to have 1 type of accident at a low risk level, 1 moderate risk level, 2 high risk levels and 2 extreme risk levels for work accidents. Risk control by using PPE in the form of safety helmets, shoes, masks, earplugs, wearpacks. Risk control that can be done is by using PPE in the form of safety helmets, shoes, masks, earplugs, wearpacks.