Agglomeration economies are the external benefits earned from clustering of industries and people in cities. The study assumes unbridled clustering of population in emerging urban agglomerations turning economies into diseconomies. This study empirically investigates the heterogeneous socioeconomic impacts of agglomeration economies in selected cities of Punjab, Pakistan, from 1998 to 2018, using the Pooled Mean Group and the Mean Group techniques of Panel ARDL. Agglomeration economies are determined by population density, number of registered factories, employment size, and housing, in the cities of Punjab. The study designed four indices for socioeconomic conditions using principal component analysis. These include: educationindex, healthcare-index, water & sanitation-index, and economic conditions-index. Research findings reveal pressures of high population density, unemployment, and costly housing on educational & healthcare facilities, poor sanitation & waste management, in cities of Punjab, Pakistan. The study suggests that policy makers and urban planners to develop short term and long term policies and development plans for villages and secondary cities to uplift wellbeing of the local population. Nonetheless, cities need to decentralize for sustainable development and management.

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Ground water utilization increases along with population growth and city development. Ground water is one of the sources of water to fulfill daily needs for households, government offices, private sectors, businesses and industries. The research was aimed to formulate a conservation model for sustainable groundwater utilization in Makassar City. This research used primary data and used questionnaire techniques for data collection. The data was analyzed by using the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis and the MPE analysis approach (Experimental Comparison Method). The AHP method is intended to determine the priority of sustainable groundwater management strategies in Makassar City. While the MPE method is intended to determine the best model of sustainable groundwater conservation in Makassar City. The results showed that the main strategy in sustainable groundwater management in Makassar City is to increase PAD based on the environment becomes a top priority (49.20%). While the MPE analysis showed that the best model for sustainable groundwater conservation efforts in Makassar City is the conservation model for groundwater used with a combination of scenarios/models 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 where the efforts include; saving groundwater, making infiltration wells, harvesting rainwater and installing water meters.

Pakistan is currently facing acute energy shortages. The local energy production is inadequate to meet domestic needs and support economic growth which has decelerated the pace of economic development and industrialisation of the country. The residential sector consumes a significant chunk of the total energy resource available in the country. In this context there is a need to look for avenues where energy savings can be realised. The concept of energy efficient homes and sustainable dwellings is at the centre of energy saving debate but is still in its early stages of development in Pakistan. The main instruments to realise energy savings in any energy management regime stem from legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional and individual delivery capacity and enforcement mechanisms employed by the concerned authorities. This study looks into these regimes at national, regional and local levels and analyses their adequacy as to the objectives of their development and institution. The paper starts by detailing the prevailing situation with respect to (total) energy consumption and energy efficient living in Pakistan in the first part. Next, it analyses energy efficiency provisions for residential sector within the current legal and regulatory frameworks and identifies the challenges to such developments. The research method involves content analysis of policy, legal and regulatory provisions in Pakistan and institutional response through a dichotomous awareness survey about the existence and use of Building Energy Code of Pakistan, which is complementary to the main methodology. The research finds that there is need to adopt a holistic approach to improve the prevailing legal and regulatory regimes, which are weak and poorly defined. The capacity, enforcement mechanisms and environmental performance of these regimes are also important issues. The outcomes of this study are recommendations for the necessary policy responses to better enable Energy Efficient Homes in Pakistan. Key Words: Efficiency, Passive, Design, Legal and Regulatory, Capacity