Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an emerging type of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with robust applications in intelligent traffic management systems. VANET has drawn significant attention from the wireless communication research community and has become one of the most prominent research fields in intelligent transportation system (ITS) because of the potential to provide road safety and precautionary measures for the drivers and passengers. In this survey, we discussed the basic overview of the VANET from the architecture, communication methods, standards, characteristics, and VANET security services. Second, we presented the threats and attacks and the recent state-of-the-art methods of the VANET security services. Then, we comprehensively reviewed the authentication schemes that can protect vehicular networks from malicious nodes and fake messages. Third, we discussed the latest simulation tools and the performance of the authentication schemes in terms of simulation tools, which was followed by the VANET applications. Lastly, we identified the open research challenges and gave future research directions. In sum, this survey fills the gap of existing surveys and summarizes the latest research development. All the security attacks in VANETs and their related countermeasures are discussed with respect to ensuring secure communication. The authentication schemes and comprehensive applications were introduced and analyzed in detail. In addition, open research challenges and future research directions were issued.

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) embark a great deal of attention in the area of wireless and communication technology and are becoming one of the prominent research areas in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) because they provide safety and precautionary measures to the drivers and passengers, respectively. VANETs are quite different from the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in terms of characteristics, challenges, system architecture, and their application. In this paper, we summarize the recent state-of-the-art methods of VANETs by discussing their architecture, security, and challenges. Secondly, we discuss the detailed analysis of security schemes and the possible measures to provide secure communication in VANETs. Then, we comprehensively cover the authentication schemes, which is able to protect the vehicular network from malicious nodes and fake messages. Thus, it provides security in VANETs. Thirdly, we cover the mobility and network simulators, as well as other simulation tools, followed by the performance of authentication schemes. Finally, we discuss the comfort and safety applications of VANETs. In sum, this paper comprehensively covers the entire VANET system and its applications by filling the gaps of existing surveys and incorporating the latest trends in VANETs.

Vehicular networks are becoming a prominent research field in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) due to the nature and characteristics of providing high-level road safety and optimized traffic management. Vehicles are equipped with the heavy communication equipment which requires a high power supply, on-board computing device, and data storage devices. Many wireless communication technologies are deployed to maintain and enhance the traffic management system. The ITS is capable of providing services to the traffic authorities and precautionary measures to the drivers and passengers. Several methods have been proposed for discussing the security and privacy issues for the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and vehicular cloud computing (VCC). They receive a great deal of attention from researchers around the world since they are new technologies, and they can improve road safety and enhance traffic flow by utilizing the vehicles resources and communication system. Firstly, the VANETs are presented, including the basic overview, characteristics, threats, and attacks. The location privacy methodologies are elaborated, which can protect the confidential information of the vehicle, such as the location detail and driver information. Secondly, the trust management models in the VANETs are comprehensively discussed, followed by the comparison of the cryptography and trust models in terms of different kinds of attacks. Then, the simulation tools and applications of the VANETs are discussed, and the evolution is presented from the VANETs to VCC in the vehicular network. Thirdly, the VCC is discussed from its architecture and the security and privacy issues. Finally, several research challenges on the VANETs and VCC are presented. In sum, this survey comprehensively covers the location privacy and trust management models of the VANETs and discusses the security and privacy issues in the VCC, which fills the gap of existing surveys. Also, it indicates the research challenges in the VANETs and VCC.

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