The Zigzag ladybird beetle, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a biological control agent that feeds on a variety of aphid species. Life table and predation data of C. sexmaculata were collected under laboratory conditions at 25±2˚C, 60±5% RH and L14: D10 h in connection with feeding on four different aphid species; Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Aphis nerii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) and Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). Larval development of C. sexmaculata was long when fed on M. persicae (12.18 days) and shorter on D. noxia (10.64 days). The male's lifespan was longer on M. persicae (26.70 days) and shorter on L. erysimi (23.67 days). Fecundity was maximum when the beetle was fed D. noxia (316.8 eggs/female) and minimum on M. persicae (199.1 eggs/female). Net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase and finite rate of increase were highest on D. noxia with values of 158.4 (offspring individual-1), 0.22 d-1 , and 1.24 d-1 , respectively whereas the respective parameters were lowest on L. erysimi (99.5 offspring individual-1 , 0.19 d-1 , and 1.20 d-1 , respectively). However, the mean of the generation (T) was shorter on A. nerii (22.48 d-1) and longer on M. persicae (24.68 d-1). Based on life table parameters obtained under laboratory conditions, the most appropriate host of C. sexmaculata was D. noxia. This study should help us to improve mass rearing and use of C. sexmaculata in the biological control of aphids on field and horticultural crops.

Caroli disease is a rare congenital disorder resulting from the dilation of large intrahepatic bile ducts. Patients affected with Caroli disease are at increased risk of complications resulting from bile stasis and stone formation. We report the case of a 37-year-old woman with a past surgical history of cholecystectomy who presented to the emergency room with a chief complaint of abdominal pain and nausea. The pain was characteristic of acute pancreatitis but she was hemodynamically stable. Total bilirubin was 4.1 mg/dL with a direct fraction of 3.1 mg/dL, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were 850 IU/L and 1025 IU/L, respectively. Serum amylase and lipase were elevated at 581 IU/L and 1328 IU/L, respectively. CT scan of abdomen/pelvis without contrast showed common bile duct (CBD) measuring 1.6 cm with intrahepatic biliary system dilation and mild peripancreatic fat stranding. She was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. On the second day, she developed a temperature of 99.6°F. Hepatitis immunity panel was negative for acute hepatitis. The patient was started on antibiotics (IV ciprofloxacin and metronidazole) for suspicion of acute cholangitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was done which showed mild dilated intrahepatic ducts and CBD dilation of 1.6 cm, and a choledochal cyst at CBD. Sphincterotomy was done and good bile drainage was reported. She was later discharged in a stable condition. Caroli disease affects males and females equally and most are diagnosed before the age of 30 years correlated with the onset of symptoms. By far, the most commonly reported symptom is acute cholangitis but pancreatitis occurs rarely. Recurrent bouts of infection lead to portal hypertension, fibrosis of the liver and ultimately end up with an orthotopic liver transplant (OLT). Regular follow-ups are important for disease surveillance and monitoring.

Hypothermia is not known as a common cause of acute pancreatitis, although there have been previously reported cases. Herein, we describe a 55-year-old man who presented with acute pancreatitis preceded by hypothermia in the absence of the more traditional causative factors, such as gallstones or alcohol consumption. On arrival to the emergency department, he was found to have a temperature of 84.3°F, consistent with moderate hypothermia, a blood pressure of 84/50 mmHg, and a heart rate of 60 bpm. Serum lipase and amylase levels were 2,225 and 980 U/L, respectively. A CT scan of the abdomen with intravenous (IV) contrast revealed peripancreatic fat stranding, consistent with the diagnosis. No evidence of gallstones or common bile duct dilatation was found. He had also developed acute kidney injury and lactic acidosis consistent with end-organ damage. After appropriate triage, he was admitted to the intensive care unit and supportively managed. An external rewarming strategy with IV fluids and antibiotics resulted in improvement in clinical status. Hypothermia can cause subtle changes in the microvasculature and production of free radicals, which can result in acute pancreatitis. It is important to determine the etiology so that appropriate treatment can be instituted with better outcomes.

Authors' Contribution SL, WJ and YH conceived and designed the research. SL wrote the manuscript. SL analyzed the data with WL. SL, WS and WL carried out the experiment.

14Ladybird beetle, Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is biological 15 control agent that predate the different aphid species. Both adults and larval stage of M. 16 45 Poaceae plants (7). The D. noxia, inject toxin into plants while feeding which causes failure to 3 46 unrolling and white streaking of plant leaves. Yield loss had been estimated up to 80 to 100% 47 under heavy attack of D. noxia, in wheat crop (8). The A. nerii, feeds on plants of Apocynaceae 48 and Asclepiadaceae families (9) and also had been reported on wheat and Brassica in Pakistan 49 (10). The A. nerii, is an obligate parthenogen, and a sequester of toxic chemicals (cardenolides) 50 which act as defensive mechanism against its natural enemies (11). Indeed, unjudicious pesticides 51 use increased ability of pests to survive against pesticides and residues level in crops final produce 52 ((12) (13) and these factors urge to use alternative methods (e.g. biological control) to reduce aphid 53 populations which are environmental friendly and risk free for human health. 54 Natural enemies (predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens) used to control aphids population 55 in biological control (14). Natural enemies are the basic components of insect pest supervision. 56 Practically 90% of natural pests are controlled by natural enemies (15). Ladybirds are potent 57 predators of various small herbivorous insects such as aphids (16). The Ladybird beetle, 58 Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fab.), is distributed in Pakistan, India and other south Asian countries 59 (17). The adults of M. sexmaculatus are yellow bright in color and having black zigzag lines. Some 60 preys are toxic to predators because they feed on toxic plant and ultimately affects food quality for 61 predators (18). Few studies have been done on biological aspect of M. sexmaculatus against 62 different aphid species. However, there is a need for detail study of survival and reproduction of 63 M. sexmaculatus on aphid species to evaluate suitable prey and alternate prey species. It is 64 important to know demographic aspects including stage differentiation and predation rate of 65 predators for mass rearing of predators and true implication into biological control of pests (19).66Therefore, life table was studied to know the development and reproduction of predators against 67 pests. However, age-stage two-sex life table provides more detail of biological aspects including 68 stage differentiation than traditional life tables (19). Therefore, present study used age-stage two-4 69 sex life table for complete understanding of M. sexmaculatus biological aspects against different 70 aphid species. This study will help us to improve mass rearing and use of M. sexmaculatus in 71 biological control of aphids. 72 Material and Methods 73 Rearing of Aphids 74 Four aphid species (A. nerii M. persicae, D. noxia and L. erysimi) were collected from their hosts 75 from agricultural fields (latitude 30°15'29.9"N, longitude 71°30'54.6"E) of Faculty of Agricultural 76 Sciences ...