Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and aggregated tau are two core mechanisms that contribute to the clinical deterioration of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, targeted-Aβ plaque reduction immunotherapies have been explored for their efficacy and safety as AD treatment. This systematic review critically reviews the latest evidence of Donanemab, a humanized antibody that targets the reduction in Aβ plaques, in AD patients. Comprehensive systematic search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus. This study adhered to PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines. Adult patients with Alzheimer’s disease being intervened with Donanemab compared to placebo or standard of care in the clinical trial setting were included. A total of 396 patients across four studies received either Donanemab or a placebo (228 and 168 participants, respectively). The Aβ-plaque reduction was found to be dependent upon baseline levels, such that lower baseline levels had complete amyloid clearance (<24.1 Centiloids). There was a slowing of overall tau levels accumulation as well as relatively reduced functional and cognitive decline noted on the Integrated Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale by 32% in the Donanemab arm. The safety of Donanemab was established with key adverse events related to Amyloid-Related Imaging Abnormalities (ARIA), ranging between 26.1 and 30.5% across the trials. There is preliminary support for delayed cognitive and functional decline with Donanemab among patients with mild-to-moderate AD. It remains unclear whether Donenameb extends therapeutic benefits that can modify and improve the clinical status of AD patients. Further trials can explore the interplay between Aβ-plaque reduction and toxic tau levels to derive meaningful clinical benefits in AD patients suffering from cognitive impairment.

Mushrooms are abundant in proteins, polysaccharides, micronutrients, unsaturated fatty acids, and natural compounds. Mushrooms have recently gained popularity as a source of biologically active substances with medical potentials, such as anticancer, antiviral, immune-boosting, hypocholesterolemic, and hepatoprotective agents. Some common edible and helpful mushrooms include Lentinus (shiitake), Flammulina (enokitake), Tremella (yiner), Hericium, Pleurotus (oyster), Grifola (maitake) and Auricularia (mu-er). Details on the nutritional content of mushrooms, functional components, and their influence on human health will be explored in this chapter. Mushrooms are used to cure a wide range of ailments. Mushrooms provide a lot of nutrients and are low in calories. They are also fat-free, low in sodium, cholesterol-free, and high in fiber, protein, and antioxidants. They lower the chance of acquiring significant health problems, including Alzheimer, heart disease, and diabetes. It also has antifungal activity. They are also high in selenium and other biochemically active compounds, which have the ability to lower the incidence of chronic illness.

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Purpose: Over and under dose application and of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leads to inferior growth and yield reduction in field crops. Different nutrients have synergetic and antagonistic effects according to soil properties, climate, crop type and management practices at the same time. Research Methods: In this field study, we tried to explore the combined effect of N and P on peanut phenology, yield and soil N and P status. Three N (N1=20, N2=40, N3=60 kg ha-1) and three P (P1=60, P2=80, P3=100kg ha-1) application rates were applied in a split-plot complete randomized design in 2016 and 2017 growing seasons of peanut, while after harvesting of peanut field was fallow. Findings: Our results demonstrated that combined or individual application of N and P not affected phenophases of peanuts (germination, flowering and pegging) except physiological maturity, and a low rate of N application increased maturity duration time in peanut. While pod production in low N doses was more as compared to high dose application of N and P, except N3P2 in both years, a greater number of pods attained less grain weight and lower yield. Concurrently, a higher dose of N and P individually produced higher yield (2614, 2647 in N3, 2549, 2527 kg ha-1 in N2) and lower yield was quantified 2216 and 2205 in N1 in both years (2016-2017) respectively. Similarly, 2658, 2647, and 2496, 2507 kg ha-1 were weighted in P3 and P2 respectively. But their combined effect was non-significant (P0.05). In the case of soil total N and available P, N increment doubled (~0.8 g kg-1) as compared to initial N status regardless of N application rate but P had no effect on available P contents in upper soil (0-15 cm) surface. So, peanut cultivation can be a promising strategy for N increment in a semi-arid area of Pakistan. Limitations: Due to the limited availability of funds, we analyzed areas of topsoil (0-15). It will be better to do soil analysis in depth for further studies. These findings are valuable for researchers, farmers, and regional agriculture departments, because alternation in nitrogen rate application didn’t change the soil N level with the combination of phosphorus in peanut. So, Findings suggested that low N application was enough for peanut cultivation. Nitrogen and phosphorus have a significant effect on the growth and yield of peanuts. Peanut crop needs the half amount of nitrogen than phosphorus because it is a leguminous crop and has nitrogen factories in the root nodules.

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