Zinc (Zn) is critically required by plants, animals and human beings. About one third of total world's poor population is at the high risk of Zn deficiency because they rely on cereals for their daily caloric intake. By keeping in mind this scenario it is hypothesized that the use of ZnO (a cheap source of Zn) impregnated urea for rice may enhance Zn contents in grains. Three types of urea were prepared including bio-activated Zn coated, Zn coated and Zn blended urea. The bio-activated Zn coated urea was prepared by inoculating the powdered organic material with Zinc solubilizing bacterium and then this material was mixed with ZnO. This bio-active Zn was coated on urea at three rates to formulate 0.5, 1 and 1.5% bio-activated Zn coated urea. Moreover, Zn blended urea was prepared by mixing powder ZnO with urea. The comparative efficacy of different types of Zn impregnated urea were compared with ZnSO4 to enhance growth, yield and grains Zn concentration of rice grown in pots. The results showed that 1.5% bio-activated Zn (ZnO) coated urea performed better in promoting growth, yield and grain Zn content than other treatments. About 15 to 20% increase was observed in yield and grain Zn concentration. This suggests that the application of 1.5% bio-activated Zn coated urea is highly effective in enhancing growth, yield and quality of rice.

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To guarantee a sufficient phosphorus supply for plants, a rapid and permanent mobilization of phosphorus from the labile phosphorus fractions is necessary, because phosphorus concentrations in soil solution are generally low. Several plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have shown potential to enhance phosphorus solublization and nodulation of legumes when co-inoculated with Rhizobium. This investigation was undertaken to assess the feasibility and compatibility of two mineral phosphorus fertilizers; diammonium phosphate (DAP), triple super phosphate (TSP), poultry manure (PM) and two PGPR strains on the growth, nodulation, yield, nutrient uptake and protein content of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) under deficient phosphorus supply. Integrated application of mineral phosphorus (P), PM and PGPR significantly increased shoot height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content by 67, 160, 51 and 106%, respectively, while increase in root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight was 79, 161, and 187%, respectively, over unfertilized control without PGPR application. Integrated use of different P sources and PGPR also increased number of nodules per plant, nodule fresh weight and nodule dry weight by 158, 107 and 168% over the control. Treatment with PGPR significantly increased number of pods per plant and grain yield by 224 and 96%, respectively over the control. Co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. strain MN-S and Agrobacterium sp. strain Ca-18 demonstrated twofold increase in the proportion of nitrogen (N) and P uptake as well as protein content of the common bean grain was increases by 48%. Therefore, application of PGPR with low P fertilizer rates and PM could be a viable supplementary strategy for maximum benefits in terms of cost of production and sustaining productivity.

Vulnerability is associated with the system and it is a big risk for system and result in surplus maintenance cost. It is due to many reasons those are not considered during the stages of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). During SDLC it may be reduced to minimum level. Millions of dollars waste due to vulnerable application and rescind working. Most of the software are not secure and cause Physical and Financial mutilation. It may not be possible to eliminate vulnerability completely but it might be reduced to the minimum level because it is the ongoing process. A web application using secure design patterns (SDPs) is presented in this paper. Two secure design patterns and their implementation are given. Secure Strategy Design Pattern (SSDP) and Secure Builder Design Pattern (SBDP) are purposed for two different forms SSDP is used for Driver information page and SBDP is used for Route information page. Special codes are used for inquiring whether valid user is using site or not. A class of encryption/decryption technique is added to add security. An encryption/decryption technique named SHA-1 is used. The result shows that SDPs are beneficial to all application developers especially for the developers of critical and sensitive systems. The system suits secure and design pattern makes it simple to understand its functionality. However, any other encryption/decryption techniques may also be applied on it in place of SHA-1. In future we plan to attach this class with other design patterns to make them secure from attackers and eliminate vulnerable points. Many features can be included in web application with the help of different design patterns and can be secured by attaching encryption/decryption class.

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