Sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks are deployed to observe the surroundings for some phenomenon of interest. The fundamental issue in observing such environments is the area coverage which reflects how well the region is monitored. The nonuniform sensor nodes distribution in a certain region caused by random deployment might lead to coverage holes/gaps in the network. One of the solutions to improve area coverage after initial deployment is by sensor nodes mobility. However, the main challenge in this approach is how to increase area coverage with the least energy consumption. This research work aims to improve area coverage with minimal energy consumption and faster convergence rate. The Edge Based Centroid (EBC) algorithm is presented to improve the area coverage with faster convergence rate in a distributed network. The simulation based performance evaluations of the proposed algorithms are carried out in terms of area coverage, convergence rate, and energy efficiency. Compared to the existing works, EBC improved area coverage with faster convergence. It is concluded that the proposed algorithm has improved area coverage with faster convergence and minimal energy consumption.

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SIMBox or Interconnect Bypass Fraud is one of the most rapidly emerging frauds in today's telecommunications industry, costing the industry between $3 and $7 billion USD in annual revenue losses. This was spread as a result of calls made over the internet and routed to SIMboxes (machines that contain SIM cards) that redirect illegitimate VoIP traffic onto mobile networks. Fraudsters effectively avoid the inter-connect toll charging points by exploiting the difference between the high interconnect rates and the low retail price for on-network calls, thereby avoiding payment of an Operator's or MVNO's official call termination fee. This paper is a fact-finding type that investigates the impact of SIMBox fraud on the telecom industry and the economic development of nations. By disclosing the fraud detection approaches used for its abolition and identifying their flaws. For this study, a quantitative method was used. The study's literary material spans the years 1994 to 2021. Journals, white papers, M.Sc., and Ph.D. theses on the subject are examples.