OBJECTIVE: Masticatory muscles work coordinately along with bones and teeth in these jaws to generate occlusal bite force. The amount of force varies from person to person. This study was performed to measure the amount of bite force to associated with demographics like age and gender so that we may compare it with prosthodontically rehabilitated dentition which may help us in the treatment plan. METHODOLOGY: Bite force was recorded with an Occlusal Bite force meter (GM-10 Nagano Keiki Japan). A sample of 204 Pakistani individuals who are aged between 13 to 40 years and divided into three age groups: I (13-20years), II (21-30 years), III (31-40 years) is recorded. A mean of three left sided and a mean of three right sided maximum voluntary bite forces were calculated and a final mean of the two were taken to find out the Mean Maximum Voluntary Bite force. RESULTS: Mean Maximum Voluntary Bite Force was calculated as 533.42 N ± 185.44 N, whereas Males have Mean MVBF 635.23 N ± 179.86 N and Females have Mean MVBF 431.61 N ± 125.82 N. Mean Maximum Voluntary Bite force with respect to age; group I is 476.11 N ± 181.27 N, group II is 550.93 N ± 191.83 N. MVBF of group 3 is 573.21 N ± 171.18 N. CONCLUSION: Mean MVBF with standard deviation was calculated as 533.42 N ± 185.44 N, with males having bite force significantly higher than the females. In all the groups, gender was significantly associated with MVBF. The bite force is also positively correlated with age. KEYWORDS: Bite force, Human Bite force, bite force gauge, maximum bite force HOW TO CITE: Nawaz MS, Yazdanie N, Hussain S, Moazzam M, Haseeb M, Hassan M. Maximum voluntary bite force generated by individuals with healthy dentition and normal occlusion. J Pak Dent Assoc 2020;29(4):199-204.

Background: Tooth wear, or as it is also often referred to as non-carious tooth surface loss (TSL), can be described simply as ‘the pathological non-carious loss of tooth tissue’. Tooth wear is often multifactorial in nature, making clinical diagnosis difficult. Identification of the etiology is essential for the successful management of the pathology. Methods: A total of 120 patients of both male and female with tooth wear were selected from dental OPD. Patients with age group 25-65years with tooth wear in at least two teeth according to basic erosive wear examination (BEWE) were included. Questionnaire covering primary risk factors that might cause tooth wear was used Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Results: Out of the 120 tooth wear patients, 69(57%) were male and 51(43%) were females. tooth wear presented more in males as compared to females. 42.24% patients reported with habit of tea consumption and 32.5% with cold drinks. 45% males and 43.4% females had gastric reflex disease. 60.9% male patients had problem of bruxism and clenching. Conclusion: This study reported that TSL has a multifactorial etiology. Parafunction, gastro esophageal reflux disease (GORD) and consumption of carbonated drinks were the most commonly observed causative factors. Keywords: Tooth wear, Erosion, Abrasion, Attrition, Causative factor

Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the impact of muscle relaxants on pain relief among patients of temporomandibular disorders. Method: This research study was based on clinical trial conducted in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Dental Hospital, University College of Dentistry, Lahore. Data was collected from 60 patients reported the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery with complaints of myofascial pain using nonprobability convenient sampling technique. SPSS version 25. Was used for data analysis. Age and duration of symptoms were reported in mean and standard deviation whereas to calculate the effectiveness of muscle relaxant, independent sample t test was used. Results: The results of independent sample t test revealed a significant difference between the pre-treatment values and post-treatment values in terms of pain (P=.001) and mouth opening (P=.034). Pre-treatment in terms of pain, mean score was 7.70+2.4 whereas post-treatment, mean score was 4.01±1.3. Pre-treatment, in terms of mouth opening, mean score was 37.70+3.90 whereas post-treatment, in terms of mouth opening, mean score was 41.67±3.06. Conclusion: Muscles relaxant (diazepam) is quite effective in relieving TMD pain and in enhancing mouth opening due to temporomandibular disorders among patients Keywords: Muscle relaxant, Pain perception, TMD, Diazepam

Objective: To assess the perception of patients regarding periodontal diseases and their management coming to University Dental Hospital, the University of Lahore. Methodology: This study was descriptive correctional in nature. Data was collected with the help of a questionnaire. A pilot study with the sample size of 100 participants was conducted in University Dental hospital, University of Lahore. Results: 42% participants reported that they had any treatment for gum disease such as scaling and root planning (deep cleaning). 58% participants reported that experience as unpleasant. The reason for this as per the participants was the cost of dental treatment in the last visit (44%). 84% participants perceived that scaling as cleaning of teeth. 66% participants reported that scaling can cause sensitivity. Majority of patients (52%) reported their oral health as fair. Conclusion: A modified self-report questionnaire represents a valuable and adequate tool for the screening and surveillance of periodontitis at the population level.

Aim: To determine the correlation between face form and maxillary central incisor tooth form in dentate patients visiting Rehman College of dentistry Peshawar. Methods: 152 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study through consecutive non probability sampling. Photographs of their face and maxillary central incisor were taken, printed, traced and subjected to classification by William’s method by 4 Prosthodontists. Results: As per descriptive statistics, mean and SD’s for age was 31+5.78, mean and SD’s for face form measurements was recorded as 78+1.67, whereas mean and SD’s for central incisor tooth form measurements was recorded as 25+0.69 Conclusion: It has been concluded that there is no highly defined correlation between the face form and maxillary central incisor tooth form in males and females. These results indicate that the maxillary central incisor tooth shows considerable asymmetry, whereas the face is basically symmetric. Instead, the opinions and desires of the patient should be considered, to ensure optimal dental esthetics for each individual. Keywords: Face form, Tooth form, Central Incisor, Correlation