The antistatic bionanocomposites could be synthesised using mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) as a antistatic agent, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reinforcement, and polypropylene (PP) as an termoplastic matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of the raw materials for the synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites. Characteristics of the raw materials consists of morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), degree of crystallinity and particle size analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectrum analysis using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal properties analysis using differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and chemical characteristics analysis using Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The results of this research shows that the morphology analysis shows the particle distribution of M-DAG is uniform and not separated from each other, while the particle distribution of CNC is not uniform and separated from each other. The XRD diffractogram of M-DAG shows that the peaks at 19,508°, 20,401°, 22,607°, and 23,973° representing the diffraction structure of glycerol monostearate, particle sizes ranging between 0.1050 to 1.7814 nm with an average was 1.0460 nm, 92.85 % degree of crystallinity, and 7.15 % amorphous components. The XRD diffractogram of CNC shows that the peaks at 5.8530° and 22.58° representing the diffraction structure of cellulose I, particle sizes ranging between 4.7364 to 79.0949 nm with an average was 41.9157 nm, 98.95 % degree of crystallinity, and 1.05 % amorphous components. The FT-IR spectrum of M-DAG shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3500 cm-1 to 2800 cm-1 and 1850 cm-1 to 1650 cm-1. The FT-IR spectrum of CNC shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3700 cm-1 to 2500 cm-1, 1700 cm-1 to 1550 cm-1, and 900 cm-1 to 800 cm-1. The thermal properties of M-DAG, CNC, and PP shows that the melting temperature (Tm) were 48.41 – 72.78, 241.65 – 323.74, 163 °C respectively. The chemical characteristics of M-DAG obtained 33.86 % MAG, 27.99 % DAG, 2.01 % TAG, 2.85 % FFA, 3.37 % water, and 0.15 ash. The supporting materials consists of maleic anhydrate polypropylene (MAPP), antioxidant (AO), dan mineral oil (MO) were also identified.
Sustainable packaging focuses on the production of packaging that promotes environmental, social, and economic health. The use of thermoplastic such as polypropylene (PP) in packaging has raised concern about environmental impact, so research needed to identify alternative sustainable packaging materials to reduce the environmental impact. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) has been considered sustainable packaging material due to its low weight, high strength, high abundance, rigidity, and biodegradability. Therefore, CNF from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) is the potential additional raw material for developing sustainable packaging. CNF can be used as additional raw material to reinforce the PP matrix, called a polypropylene nanocomposite (PPNC). However, limited research has focused on CNF preparation for PPNC production. Therefore, this review is to explain the potential PPNC reinforced with CNF from OPEFB as sustainable packaging.
The corona virus or SARS-CoV2 is a pathogenic virus that has become a pandemic and a threat in almost all countries in the world. SARS-CoV2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family with particle sizes varying around 60 nm - 140 nm. Various regulations and prevention have been designed to reduce the impact of Covid-19 by SARS-CoV2. Several technologies and studies have been developed to form nanofiber woven membranes. Cellulose nanofibers and chitin/chitosan nanofibers have been studied and are known to have nanometer-sized structures smaller than SARS-CoV2. Chitin/chitosan has been investigated to have antiviral properties, especially corona virus. Cellulose nanofibers, and chitin/chitosan nanofibers has the potential to be developed for Covid-19 virus nanofiltration masks. Various active agents (nanosilver, nanogold, CuO, etc.) have been known to have antiviral and/or antibacterial properties so that they can be used as nanofillers to enhance the performance and effectiveness of nanofibers based masks against SARS-CoV2.
The objective of this study was to analyse the life cycle of the coconut oil industry and process improvement alternatives. The life cycle analysis (LCA) method are based on the scope of the gate to gate. This study shows that the input for coconut oil production consists of copra as the main raw material and several supporting materials and energy. The outputs are coconut oil, coconut pulp pellets, and waste (liquid, solid, and gas). The total potential GHG emissions, acidification, and eutrophication per-kg-coconut-oil-products are 2.9271 kg-CO2 eq, 0.0178 kg-SO2-eq, and 0.0145 kg-PO4-3-eq. The highest GHG emissions produced from the Crude Coconut Oil Plant sub-system was 1.2045 kg-CO2eq per-kg-coconut-oil. The acidification potential produced from the Boiler Plant and Transportation sub-system with the potential value was 0.0094 kg-SO2-eq and 0.0084 kg-SO2-eq per-kg-coconut-oil, respectively. The eutrophication potential produced from the Boiler Plant and Transportation sub-system with a potential value was 0.0026 kg-PO4-3-eq and 0.0119 kg PO4-3-eq pe- kg-coconut-oil, respectively. Optimization of energy usage can be done by optimizing fuel, water, and electricity in each sub-system of coconut oil production. The NEV and NER values result in 40,998,456 MJ and 1.0971, respectively.
This study aims to find the cumulative energy demand (CED) and the cumulative cost demand (CCD) in the synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites (AS BNC) compared with the synthesis of polypropylene (PP). The CED was identified using SimaPro 9.1.1 software, and the CCD was identified using the material and energy flow analysis (MEFA) method. The analysis results show that the CED required per kg mass of AS BNC pellets was 87.80 MJ, which is lower than the CED required per kg mass of PP pellets (91.19 MJ). This shows that the use of 94.38% of PP, 2% of M-DAG, 2.5% of CNC, 1% of MAPP, 0.02% of MO, 0.03% of AO 1010, and 0.07% of AO 168 in the synthesis of AS BNC can reduction the CED required, with a percentage of CED reduced was 3.71%. The CCD required per kg mass of AS BNC pellets was 68,314.54 IDR, which is higher than the CCD required per kg mass of PP pellets (25,577.27 IDR). The efficiency of energy and natural resources use are necessary to decrease the CED and CCD per kg mass of AS BNC pellets.
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