Telesurgery, or remote surgery, is widely known as a master-slave technology. It has achieved a milestone in surgical technology and intervention, providing widespread prospects of operating on a patient in a remote area with increased accuracy and precision. It consists of one or more arms controlled by a surgeon and a master controller in a remote area accessing all the information being transferred via a telecommunication system. This paper reviews the present advancements and their benefits and limitations in the field of telesurgery. A handful of operations have been done so far. However, due to time-lag (latency), global networking problems, legal issues and skepticism, and on top of the cost of robotic systems and their affordability have led to the concept of telerobotics and surgery to lag. However, with more information and high speed, 5G networking, which has been in a trial to reduce latency to its minimum, is beneficial. Haptic feedback technology in telesurgery and robotics is another achievement that can be improved; further, this allows the robotic arms to mimic the natural hand movements of the surgeon in the control center so that the master controller can perform surgeries with more dexterity and acuity. Due to coronavirus (COVID-19), this type of surgery approach can reduce the probability of contracting the virus, saving more lives and the future.

In Pakistan, HIV has increased at an alarming rate in recent decades, and the death toll has risen. It is a public health challenge amidst the COVID-19 pandemic that is not being given due importance. The present article looks at the challenges and efforts being made to deal with HIV among children in Ratodero, Pakistan, and addresses measures that can be taken to control the disease in the child population epidemiologically.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a state of intolerance to glucose that initiates or is first diagnosed during gestation. About 1-14% of all pregnancies are complicated by GDM. The pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality in gestational diabetes is lower than in overt diabetes; however, if left untreated, it is significantly higher than in nondiabetic women. Treating GDM is important because appropriate treatment reduces side effects on the mother and newborn. GDM during pregnancy has a number of adverse short- and long-term consequences for both the mother and the fetus. Aim: To establish the relationship between gestational diabetes and complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. Study Design: A prospective cohort study. Place and Duration: The study was conducted at the Karachi Aga Khan University Hospital in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology from 22 November, 2018 to 22 May 2019, six months after the approval of the study. Methods: 130 patients, 65 patients in the GDM group and 65 patients in the non-GDM group were enrolled in the study. Demographic data were presented as standard deviation and mean as well as simple descriptive statistics, while qualitative variables as percentage and frequency. Chi-square test was applied for comparison of the incidence of complications related to pregnancy and childbirth. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risk was calculated. Results: 130 total patients, including 65 patients in GDM group and 65 patients in non GDM group were included. Mean age in GDM and non GDM group was 29.27±2.79 years and 28.49±3.40 years. Outcome of pregnancy in GDM and non GDM group showed that 27 (41.5%) and 18 (27.7%) had pregnancy induced hypertension, 07 (10.8%) and 03 (4.6%) had pre-eclampsia, 29 (44.6%) and 07 (10.8%) had polyhydramnios, 04 (6.2%) and 02 (3.1%) had antepartum hemorrhage, 01 (1.5%) and 06 (9.2%) had premature rupture of membrane, 11 (16.9%) and 09 (13.8%) had preterm labour, 13 (20%) and 04 (6.2%) had urinary tract infection. Outcome of pregnancy in GDM and non GDM group showed 51 (78.5%) and 33 (50.8%) had induction of labour, 17 (26.2%) and 14 (21.5%) had low birth weight, 14 (51%) and 03 (4.6%) had macrosomia, 02 (3.1%) and 01 (1.5%) had birth injury and 10 (15.4%) and 11 (16.9%) had NICU admission. Conclusion: Gestational diabetes (GDM) is the utmost communal medicinal complication of pregnancy. It has negative consequences for the mother and the newborn baby. Maintaining glycemia in GDM decreases the morbidity of both baby and mother. Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, delivery outcome, pregnancy outcome, maternal and fetal outcomes.

The ongoing pandemic that initiated in Wuhan, China, has been an international public health emergency since January 2020. India has been battling a brutal COVID-19's second wave since April 2021. The healthcare system was struggling with a substantial increase in COVID-19 cases when the lack of necessary resources further aroused a major setback. Opportunistic fungal infections, specifically mucormycosis and candidiasis have become a pressing matter of concern. Recent cases of aspergillosis have also heightened public alarm. Hence, call for an immediate response to this public health crisis is the need of the hour by establishing countrywide surveillance, diagnostic, and management system, as well as public awareness to alleviate the burden of COVID-19 and fungal infections in India.