Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of fiscal policy and institutional quality on the inclusive growth process of the selected developing Asian countries. Inclusive growth is a growth process which ensures that everyone is participating and benefited by growth process. Design/methodology/approach This study uses system generalized method of moment to address the problem of endogeneity and omitted variable bias. Findings Empirical results showed that both fiscal policy and institutions have positive effects on inclusive growth. Our empirical results confirmed that fiscal policy can work more efficiently in the presence of good quality institutions in the developing Asian countries. Research limitations/implications Government should take measures to improve infrastructure, roads and transport system, and main share of government expenditures should be allocated to development, education and health projects. There is a need to transform the tax structure of the countries with the huge emphasis on the progressive tax system and this is likely to benefit the lower segment of the population. There is a need to develop institutions as they serve as a road map for the development of a country. There should be coordination between government policies and institutions. Supervision of fiscal policy through good institutions is needed for the proper allocation and utilization of public resources. Practical implications By restructuring the taxation system subject to the provision of quality institutions, government can incentivize entrepreneurs to make significant investments. This creates jobs for lower segment of a society, brings down poverty and increases the income level of a country. This increases the individual and collective welfare of an economy that ensures the inclusive growth within a country. Originality/value In this study, proxies used for fiscal policy are government expenditures and tax revenues as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) to examine its impact on the certain measures of inclusive growth such as employment, income inequality and GDP per capita. This study provides useful insights for the policy makers using fiscal policy to achieve the goal of inclusive growth in developing countries.

This study explains the challenges linked with Hybrid Warfare that affect CPEC’s projects in Pakistan. This work also weighs the hybrid warfare implications on CPEC and the steps required to counter threats. In the existing literature, the definitions of fifth-generation warfare and hybrid warfare are overlapping. In simple terms, Hybrid warfare is a form of warfare that targets the enemy country by targeting its culture, social fabric, and economy. Hybrid warfare is a post-9/11 phenomenon that becoming lethal day by day. This study only focuses on Military analysts, and researchers’ analysis that how India had used hybrid war tactics to “destabilize Pakistan” regarding CPEC. This paper aims to study the various facets of 5th Generation Warfare and hybrid warfare regarding CPEC in its contemporary context. This too will analyze what can be done to combat the challenges that lay ahead to sabotage CPEC.

OBJECTIVES:To quantify patient and physician preferences for therapeutic tradeoffs involving efficacy, side-effect risks, and evidence uncertainty in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatments. METHODS: Physicians who treat CHB patients and adult patients with a self-reported physician diagnosis of CHB completed a webenabled, discrete-choice experiment survey in Germany and Turkey. Both patients and physicians answered 12 treatment-choice questions. Each question required evaluating a pair of hypothetical CHB medication profiles defined by years the medicine has been studied, probability that patient's viral load remains undetectable for 5 years with possible reversal of disease progression, 5-year treatmentrelated risks of a fracture and renal insufficiency, and monthly medication cost. Nested-logit and random-parameters logit models were used to estimate preference weights for all attribute levels and the mean relative importance of each attribute. RESULTS: A total of 158 physicians and 118 patients completed the survey in Germany. 159 physicians and 117 patients completed the survey in Turkey. German patients ranked risk of renal insufficiency as most important while German physcians ranked efficacy as most important. Turkish physicians and patients disagreed on the relative importance of all treatment attributes. Turkish patients ranked years of evidence as the most important attribute, while Turkish physicians ranked risk of renal insufficiency as most important. German physicians were willing to accept a 0.4% greater increase in fracture risk than patients in return for an additional year of evidence, while Turkish physicians were willing to accept a 3.2% smaller increase in fracture risk than patients for an additional year of evidence. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to quantify patient and physician preferences for CHB treatment attributes and the first study to elicit physician and patient preferences for years of evidence. We observe different discrepancies between physician and patient preferences in Germany and Turkey. Such discrepancies may interfere with optimal outcomes if not considered in patient-physician interactions.OBJECTIVES: Immunization Information Systems (IIS) were developed to improve quality and efficiencies in health management. Policies that govern IIS systems are complex, and may interact with other immunization record policies. This study updates and expands on a 9-year-old survey. METHODS: IIS relevant statutes and regulations in 50 states, 5 cities and Washington D.C. (Nϭ56) were identified through legal databases and reviewed for content. Coding categories were derived considering previous studies, including IIS authorization, covered entities, privacy and information sharing, reporting, enforcement and similar provisions within the A122