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Migraine is the second most common primary headache disorder after tension-type headache and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Cortical spreading depression involves neuronal excitation and inhibition and is involved in pathophysiology of migraine. Many anti-epileptic drugs act by inhibiting Cortical Spreading Depression and block desensitization. Anti-convulsants are commonly used in Migraine prophylaxis and the ones being more effective than placebo include Sodium Valproate and Topiramate. Levetiracetam has unique mechanism as it targets hyper-excitable neurons by binding to synaptic vesicle protein. This results in inhibition of neurotransmitter release thus decreases hyperexcitability. Levetiracetam has minimal side effect profile (dizziness, somnolence and mood changes) and it can be well tolerated by patients. In this review, a total of seven studies were included (four open-label trials and three randomized-control trials) which evaluated the role of Levetiracetam in the prophylaxis of migraine in adult patients. On review of this evidence, Levetiracetam appears to be effective in treating migraine with and without aura and is considered safe because of its limited side effects. There was a significant reduction in the frequency, severity, and duration of migraine with a high responder rate. Levetiracetam was well tolerated with minimal side effects and no reported interactions. However, larger randomized controlled trials are needed and these studies should be done on special population to see the outcomes. In addition, studies for extended-release formulations should also be done.

Objective: Patients with heart failure may benefit from vitamin D treatment, according to new research (Congestive Heart Failure). Methods: In our current nonrandomized clinical research, 43 individuals with dilated cardiomyopathy who did not exhibit substantial gains in physical functioning with optimum heart failure therapy were included. Twelve weeks of weekly vitamin D supplements (200,000 IU) were added to the heart failure therapy to help improve the patient's condition. On the other hand, researchers looked at how it affected the 6-minute walk distance and pro-BNP levels. To analyses the data, we utilized SPSS version 19. Accordingly, we utilized random samples t-tests to assess the substantial role of vitamin D supplementation on pre-intervention vitamin D level, 6-minute walk distance, and pro-BNP level, respectively. Significance was defined as an alpha value less than 0.01. Results: Individuals in NYHA class II (66%) were the majority, while those in NYHA classes I, III and IV were represented by 18%, 8% and 5%, accordingly. Following 14 weeks of vitamin D treatment, the group's mean vitamin D level was increased from 17.596.57ng/ml at baseline to 32.974.65ng/ml (p0.0006). Pre-intervention mean distance travelled was 806382ft, however after the intervention it rose to 945392ft (p-value 0.07). While before the intervention, the mean per-BNP level of research participant was 1025-636, and after intervention, it had enhanced to 160-80--a statistically significant improvement (p=0.005). Conclusion: According to a decline in blood pro-BNP characterized by an increase in six-minute walk distance, vitamin D administration decreases the intensity of heart failure.

Rapidly mutating Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (RM Y STRs) with mutation rates ≥ 10−2 per locus per generation are valuable for differentiating amongst male paternal relatives where standard Y STRs with mutation rates of ≤10−3 per locus per generation may not. Although the 13 RM Y STRs commonly found in commercial assays provide higher levels of paternal lineage differentiation than conventional Y STRs, there are many male paternal relatives that still cannot be differentiated. This can be improved by increasing the number of Y STRs or choosing those with high mutation rates. We present a RM Y STR multiplex comprising 19 loci with high mutation rates and its developmental validation (repeatability, sensitivity and male specificity). The multiplex was found to be robust, reproducible, specific and sensitive enough to generate DNA profiles from samples with inhibitors. It was also able to detect all contributor alleles of mixtures in ratios up to 9:1. We provide preliminary evidence for the ability of the multiplex to discriminate between male paternal relatives by analyzing large numbers of male relative pairs (536) separated by one to seven meioses. A total of 96 mutations were observed in 162 meioses of father–son pairs, and other closely related male pairs were able to be differentiated after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 meiosis in 44%, 69%, 68%, 85%, 0%, 100% and 100% of cases, respectively. The multiplex offers a noticeable enhancement in the ability to differentiate paternally related males compared with the 13 RM Y STR set. We envision the future application of our 19 RM Yplex in criminal cases for the exclusion of male relatives possessing matching standard Y STR profiles and in familial searching with unknown suspects. It represents a step towards the complete individualization of closely related males.