Canarium odontophyllum Miq., renowned locally as “dabai,” is an endemic plant in Sarawak, Malaysia. Most people, especially in rural areas, consume this plant to maintain their health. A few medicinal studies have investigated C. odontophyllum Miq.’s biological properties to substantiate its use as nutraceuticals and health supplements. Crude extracts from C. odontophyllum Miq. demonstrated various medicinal properties, including antibacterial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive. In addition, numerous phytoextracts studies have revealed the existence of a variety of beneficial compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. However, despite various biological activities of C. odontophyllum Miq., there is currently no analysis summarizing the medicinal properties of its leaf. Thus, this short communication attempts to narrate the medicinal properties of C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf and their phytoextracts responsible. In conclusion, we summarized C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf promising therapeutic effects with their phytoextracts and a step closer to developing it as potential nutraceuticals and health supplements to fulfill social interest.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been traditionally used by local communities to treat fever. However, there are only limited data have been published to support the antipyretic effects. The objective of this study is to investigate the antipyretic properties and possible mechanism of the ethanol extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensisL. (red colored flower) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensisvar. Alba (white colored flower). Phytochemical analysis, heavy metals screening and acute toxicity test were done to evaluate the safety of extracts. The first model ran induced fever in rats by injecting Brewer's Yeast subcutaneously and then treated with 4 extracts at dosage 5 & 50 mg/kg. The dosages used for the study were obtained by the acute toxicity test. Ibuprofen was used as a reference drug, with dose 100 mg/kg. Temperatures of rats were measured using a digital thermometer. The results were expressed as mean ± S.E.M. and analyzed using the SAS system. The results of the study showed that white flower extract 5mg/kg and 50 mg/kg significantly (p <0.05) reduced the total temperature when compared to positive control group. Therefore, this research suggests the probability for its therapeutic effectiveness as plant-based antipyretic agent as claimed by traditional medicine practitioners.

Solanum ferox L. is a plant species which belongs to the Solanaceae family and the genus Solanum. The Solanum genus was found to exhibit anticariogenic activity and was traditionally used to treat oral diseases. However, there is no scientific study done specifically for Solanum ferox L. Hence the aim of the study is to determine the anticariogenic properties of flesh and leaf of ethanolic extract of Solanum ferox L. Alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins were detected in the leaf ethanolic extract via preliminary phytochemical screening. The presence of these phytochemicals may contribute to the anticariogenic activity. Treatment with different concentrations of flesh and leaf of ethanolic extract were used against Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus via the method of agar well diffusion to indicate zones of inhibition. The antibiofilm activity of the flesh and leaf ethanolic extracts was tested. The flesh and leaf ethanolic extracts possess antimicrobial activity dose-dependently and positive antibiofilm activity against respective pathogens. The flesh ethanolic extract has stronger anticariogenic activity compared to leaf ethanolic extract against respective pathogens. Streptococcus pyogenes exhibited higher susceptibility as compared to Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, it has been shown that the ethanolic extract of Solanum ferox L. exhibit anticariogenic properties against Streptococus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus.

The study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of hexane extract of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. leaf; its fatty acids and terpenoids content; and cytotoxic effects on UVB-induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT). FRAP assay was used to determine antioxidant capacity. GC-MS analysis to identify the fatty acids and terpenoids’ in the hexane extract of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. leaf. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was carried out to measure the cytotoxic effects of the extract on UVB-induced human keratinocytes. Serial doses of up to 1000 µg/mL extract were administered before UVB irradiation of the cells. FRAP assay showed the extract was found to exhibit antioxidant activity but no significant difference in ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) between dose 500 µg/mL (5.00 ± 0.35 AEAC) and 1000 µg/mL (5.70 ± 0.29 AEAC) extract. GC-MS analysis showed the extract contained 88.93% of fatty acids and terpenoids, especially n-hexadecanoic acid, spathulenol, and phytol. MTT assay showed no IC50 value for the tested extract dose on UVB-induced HaCaT. Thus, the results suggest the potential application of hexane extract of C. odontophyllum Miq. leaf in terpenoids’ studies. In-depth research and isolation of compounds of interest should be done to develop it as a viable medical phytotherapeutic agent.