Background: Blood group of an individual is commonly determined by ABO & Rh status. The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of ABO, Rh and ABO-Rh blood groups in students of Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from April 1 to May 23, 2019. The population being accessible was taken as sample. Sample size was 452. Our research variables (attributes) were ABO (A, B, AB, O), Rh (positive and negative) and ABO-Rh (A+, B+, AB+ O+, A-, B-, AB-, O-) respectively. All variables being nominal were described by count and percentage. The estimated parameters were given as confidence interval for proportion at 95% confidence level. The observed frequency of ABO, Rh and ABO-Rh blood groups was tested against their expected frequency using chi-square goodness of fit test. Results: Out of 452 students, the frequency of ABO blood group was; A 127 (28.12%), B 165 (36.53%), AB 57 (12.62%) & O 103 (22.73%); Rh blood group was; Rh+ 408 (90.33%) & Rh- 44 (9.67%) and ABO-Rh was; A+ 116 (25.60%), B+ 148 (32.05%), AB+ 50 (11.30%), O+ 91 (20.10%), A- 11 (2.40%), B- 17 (03.70%), AB- 7 (1.50%) & O- 12 (2.60%). The observed frequency of ABO & ABO-Rh blood groups was significantly different whereas of Rh blood group was similar to expected prevalence. Conclusion: In our population, most common blood group was B+ and the least common was AB-. The observed frequency of ABO & ABO-Rh blood groups was different while of Rh was same as expected. Awareness of blood groups in populations will help in the effective management of blood banks record in routine as well as during blood related life emergency situations.

Muslim et al, 2018. Damping-off of Chili Pepper Growing on  Seedbed Soil from Farmers in Swamp Area of Pemulutan, Ogan Ilir. JLSO 7(1): Research on disease severity of damping-off on chili seedling from  used seedbed nursery soil from swampy area land in Pemulutan, Ogan Ilir was conducted in order to know what kind  of pathogen that attack chili seddling and how is severe it’s severity. This study was aimed to identify the damping-off pathogens of chili pepper and to measure inoculum potential of seedbed soil from farmers in swamp area of Pemulutan, Ogan Ilir.  The experiment was conducted using survey method. The sample was taken by purposive sampling on chili seedbed nursery from six farmers all along swampy area in Pemulutan, Ogan Ilir. The result showed that observation based on the sympton and laboratory assay on damping-off disease infected chili seedling was caused by Rhizoctonia solani.  The percentage of Pre-emergence damping-off incidence was ranged from 6.5˗35.5%.  The highest Pre-emergence damping-off incidence was observed on soil from Mr. Mimin and lowest incidence was found from Mr. Nukman. The percentage of post-emergence damping-off incidence was ranged from 0.5˗56.5%, where the highest percentage was observed from Mr. Rahmat and the lowest was observed from Mr. Joni. The percentage of disease severity of damping-off was ranged from 0.55˗28.75%, where the highest disease severity was also observed from  Mr. Rahmat and the lowest one was observed from Mr. Nukman. Based on disease  severity of chili damping˗off observed in this study was high, chili damping˗off disease is important disease during providing seedling. This disease was potential to reduce  the quality and quantity of chili production.

The objective of the current research was to identify and evaluate the possibility of production of pectinase, also known as pectin degrading enzymes, from indigenous bacterial strains. Qualitative screening of isolated bacterial strains showed that among 29 bacterial strains, 5 have maximum enzymatic activity. The highest pectinase producing strains were quantitatively analyzed for enzyme production. SH7 strain was found as highest pectinase producer (0.77 IU/mL) that was further analyzed to molecular level by amplification of 16s rRNA. It was found 100% similar with other reported strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Medium optimization was performed to optimize fermentation conditions for maximum enzyme yield. An experimental design containing 12 experimental runs was designed by Plackett–Burman design (PBD). Maximum pectinase activity was obtained at 45°C after 24 h when the growth medium was supplemented with 2.5% nitrogen, 5.0% substrate, MgSO4 as metal ion, 1% inoculum size, and pH was adjusted to 6. Factorial regression analysis of the PBD design was performed and the overall design was also found significant in terms of R square value. In PBD, the most significant factors for production were temperature, pH, metal ion concentration, and nitrogen source. Central composite design (CCD) design consisting of 26 experimental runs was employed to optimize these four significant factors. The overall model summary showed maximum pectinase activity (19.2 IU/mL) at 37°C temperature, 0.08 NaCl, 1.7% nitrogen source, and pH 8.4. In CCD, NaCl, nitrogen source, and pH were also reported as significant factors by the Pareto chart, probability plots, and 3D interactions.