International concern is growing with regard to the sustainability of manta and devil ray (collectively mobulids) fisheries as demand for mobulid products has increased in international markets over the last decade. While Indonesia has been reported to be one of the worlds’ top three catchers of mobulid rays, detailed information on these fisheries and the status of Indonesian mobulid populations are lacking. Through collection of historical and recent mobuild fisheries data from published and unpublished sources, this study aimed to identify trends in abundance of Indonesian manta and devil rays and explore socio-economic factors and incentives associated with mobulid fisheries. Comparison of catches from 2001-5 to the most recent data from 2013-14 revealed dramatic declines in mobulid landings over the study period of 64% at Cilacap, 75% at Lamakera, and 94% at Tanjung Luar. The largest declines were observed for Manta spp. and the two large devil rays, Mobula tarapacana and Mobula japanica. Anecdotal reports indicated that catches had declined substantially at three additional sites and local extirpations are strongly suspected to have occurred at three locations. A lack of data on the population ecology of Indonesia’s mobulids makes it difficult to determine whether natural fluctuations may be playing a part in the declining catch rates. However, mobulid life history traits, including low reproductive rates and late age of sexual maturation, indicate that fishing pressure is likely the primary driver in these declines. Interviews in Lamakera, a community which depends on income from its targeted mobulid fishery, suggest that programs focused on education, training and infrastructure development to enable shifts to sustainable livelihood alternatives are likely to offer the most successful path to long-term conservation and management of manta and devil rays, while simultaneously yielding economic and social benefits to fishing communities.

International concern is growing with regard to the sustainability of manta and devil ray (collectively mobulids) fisheries as demand for mobulid products has increased in international markets over the last decade. While Indonesia has been reported to be one of the worlds’ top three catchers of mobulid rays, detailed information on these fisheries and the status of Indonesian mobulid populations are lacking. Through collection of historical and recent mobuild fisheries data from published and unpublished sources, this study aimed to identify trends in abundance of Indonesian manta and devil rays and explore socio-economic factors and incentives associated with mobulid fisheries. Comparison of catches from 2001-5 to the most recent data from 2013-14 revealed dramatic declines in mobulid landings over the study period of 64% at Cilacap, 75% at Lamakera, and 94% at Tanjung Luar. The largest declines were observed for Manta spp. and the two large devil rays, Mobula tarapacana and Mobula japanica. Anecdotal reports indicated that catches had declined substantially at three additional sites and local extirpations are strongly suspected to have occurred at three locations. A lack of data on the population ecology of Indonesia’s mobulids makes it difficult to determine whether natural fluctuations may be playing a part in the declining catch rates. However, mobulid life history traits, including low reproductive rates and late age of sexual maturation, indicate that fishing pressure is likely the primary driver in these declines. Interviews in Lamakera, a community which depends on income from its targeted mobulid fishery, suggest that programs focused on education, training and infrastructure development to enable shifts to sustainable livelihood alternatives are likely to offer the most successful path to long-term conservation and management of manta and devil rays, while simultaneously yielding economic and social benefits to fishing communities.

The success rate of Artificial Insemination (AI) can be increased by using semen from superior bulls of the desired sex. For meat production purposes, sexed semen used is the male sex, but for milk production, then the female sex is used. This study aimed to determine the effect of incubation time for sexing the sperms using egg white albumin sedimentation method on the quality of Bali bull semen. This study was using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three different incubation time treatments; 25 (T1), 30 (T2) and 35 minutes (T3) with three replications. T0 was used fresh semen as a control without incubation time. The variables measured in this study were the motility and concentration of the sperms before and after sexing. The results of this study showed that the incubation time did not affecting the sperms motility and concentration (P> 0.05). However, motility of the X sexed sperms in T2 is likely higher than in T1 and T3. Contrary, motility of Y sexed sperms in T1 had higher than in T2 and T3. It can be concluded that the incubation time during separation of X and Y sperms using egg albumin sedimentation had no significant effect on sperms motility and concentration.

Diallel mating design was used to generate fifteen single cross hybrids including fifteen reciprocals. The hybrids were evaluated together with their parents and thirteen checks at Samaru, Northern Guinea Savannah, of Nigeria in the years 2005 and 2006. The experimental design used was 7 x 7 incomplete lattice designs with three replications. There were significant differences between the various genotypes for all the fifteen traits observed. There was a highly significant difference in replication within year for the traits; days to tasselling, ash contents and ear height while significant differences were observed for the traits; emergence count, plant height, one thousand grain weight and grain yield. The significant mean squares observed for all the agronomic traits indicates that the genetic variability could be utilized for the improvement of yield and other desirable traits in quality protein maize breeding programs. The combined analysis of variance, the source of variation for entries, was partitioned into hybrids vs. parent's mean squares which were significant for all traits observed except moisture content. This is a preliminary indication of the presence of heterosis in the single cross hybrids. The observed variabilities could be used to develop suitable hybrids and varieties.

The term Prosecutor as a state lawyer is not clearly stated in the Prosecutor's Law. Implementation of the functions of the Prosecutor as state attorney in the civil and administrative sphere of the state follows the flow and procedures for settlement of civil disputes and state administration in general. To optimize the implementation of the Prosecutor's function as a state lawyer, the Prosecutor must be provided with education and training regarding civil law and constitutional law/state administrative law. Therefore, the institutionalization of the State Attorney Attorney is also needed so that if a lawsuit involving the interests of the state occurs, there will be no difficulty in appointing and determining the Prosecutor acting as the State Attorney.