This study showed that CED in Pakistani eyes was less than that reported in Chinese eyes, higher than Portuguese, Iranian and Indian eyes and comparable to the values in Turkish, Nigerian and Thai eyes.

Background: Following the introduction of worktime regulations across the world along with existing concerns over the nonuniform nature of the traditional apprenticeship model, an alternative method for teaching surgical skills is being sought. Simulation training offers a safe and standardized environment to develop and improve surgical skills. The purpose of the present study was to review the existing and most recent research into the utility of arthroscopic simulators in training and the teaching of surgical skills. Methods: A systematic review of the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for English-language articles published between 2014 and November 2017 was conducted. Search terms included arthroscopy or arthroscopic with simulation or simulator. Results: We identified a total of 27 relevant studies involving simulated ankle, knee, shoulder, hip, and simple box arthroscopic environments. The majority of these studies demonstrated construct validity, while a few demonstrated transfer, face, and content validity. Conclusions: Our review suggests that there is a considerable evidence base regarding the use of arthroscopic simulators for training purposes. Further work should focus on the development of a standardized simulator training course that can be contrasted against current intraoperative training in large-scale multicenter trials with long-term follow-up.

There is always an ardent desire to obtain the best outcome in any surgery. To improve the quality of life of their patient is amongst the top priorities of most orthopaedic surgeons. It is a big challenge to accurately match a perfect pre-operative planning and obtain that intra operatively. Robotic technology is fast evolving in many surgical branches with orthopaedics as well, but limited with the price tag it comes with. Nevertheless, robotics is gaining momentum with some encouraging short-term results. Robotic surgery can offer significant improvement in surgical planning, accurate implant or prosthetic placement, which provide good outcomes that ultimately enhance patient safety. We review the various robotic advancements in the field of trauma and orthopaedic surgery.

Background: Arthroscopic simulation has rapidly evolved recently with the introduction of higher-fidelity simulation models, such as virtual reality simulators, which provide trainees an environment to practice skills without causing undue harm to patients. Simulation training also offers a uniform approach to learn surgical skills with immediate feedback. The aim of this article is to review the recent research investigating the use of arthroscopy simulators in training and the teaching of surgical skills. Methods: A systematic review of the Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases for English-language articles published before December 2019 was conducted. The search terms included arthroscopy or arthroscopic in combination with simulation or simulator. Results: We identified a total of 44 relevant studies involving benchtop or virtually simulated ankle, knee, shoulder, and hip arthroscopy environments. The majority of these studies demonstrated construct and transfer validity; considerably fewer studies demonstrated content and face validity. Conclusions: Our review indicates that there is a considerable evidence base regarding the use of arthroscopy simulators for training purposes. Further work should focus on the development of a more uniform simulator training course that can be compared with current intraoperative training in large-scale trials with long-term follow-up at tertiary centers.