Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease which is caused by the latest discovered coronavirus. Conjunctivitis is allegedly the first presentation of COVID-19 since it can spread by aerosol contact with the conjunctiva. The present study aimed to systematically review the employment of conjunctival swab with Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction in detecting SARS-Cov-2. The research is a systematic review of the published scientific literature on findings of conjunctival swab of COVID-19 from PUBMED database and other additional sources (i.e: Google Scholar). The search method was done using “COVID-19 OR coronavirus OR SARS-COV2, AND conjunctivitis, AND ocular manifestations, AND conjunctival swab” as keywords. Inclusion criteria were any papers that related to the entered keywords and have conjunctival swab as a reported outcome. Letters, reviews, and editorials describing other studies reporting COVID-19 and conjunctival swab were excluded. Only four research papers were found and included in the literature review. From the four current research papers, positive SARS-CoV-2 results were yielded from 0-5.26% of conjunctival swab specimens. In conclusion, although the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the ocular surface remains unclear, the prevention of infection transmission through an ocular surface is mandatory by wearing goggles (or shield), mask (N-95 recommended) and gown.

Cannabis is a class of psychoactive substances derived from Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica that can induce euphoria in the user. Cannabinoids are the term used to refer to the active component of cannabis, which contains 400 active compounds. DSM criterion 5 characterizes cannabis use disorder. Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit substance worldwide. The annual prevalence of cannabis abuse ranges from 2.9% to 4.3% of the global population aged 15 to 64. Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis are the three varieties of cannabis. These three cannabis varieties contain varying amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The THC content of Charas and hashish ranges between 7% and 14%. Cannabis and Sinsemilla are found in female shoots with an average THC concentration of 4-5% (rarely >7%). Low-grade Bhang preparations are derived from the 1% THC-containing residue of desiccated plants. Hashish oil, a concentrated liquid extracted from hashish distilleries, contains between 15 and 70 percent THC. Semen parameters provide the strongest evidence of cannabis-induced alterations in male fertility. Cannabis reduces sperm count and concentration, induces abnormalities in sperm morphology, reduces sperm motility and viability, and inhibits capacitation and fertilizing capacity, according to research.