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Blockchain is a system recording data that makes it difficult or impossible to alter, hack, or defraud the system. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions replicated and distributed over computer servers. Blockchain technology is a significant new financial innovation radically reshaping corporate transactions. It is a decentralized network that supports and employs multiple encryption algorithms. These safe, robust, and adaptable transactions are incorporated into another significant computer paradigm, cloud computing. This paper implements a blockchain-based secure method to make the cloud secure. Initially, the transactions are recorded in the blockchain using the SHA-256 cryptographic algorithm. After that, transactions are serialized, and block features are cached. Thirdly, the blockchain created new blocks after fulfilling desired requirements and performing transactions. Furthermore, the transaction is monitored by using the Merkle tree method in each step of the transaction to make it more secure and trustworthy. However, the research also highlighted the gaps and the impact of the gaps in the current work.

The Internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been rapidly and tremendously developing recently as computing technologies have brought about a significant revolution. Their applications and implementations can be found all around us, either individually or collaboratively. WSN plays a leading role in developing the general flexibility of industrial resources in terms of increasing productivity in the IoT. The critical principle of the IoT is to make existing businesses sufficiently intelligent to recognize the need for significant fault mitigation and short-cycle adaptation to improve effectiveness and financial profits. This article presents efficiently applied security protocols at the data link layer for WSN and IoT-based frameworks. It outlines the importance of WSN–IoT applications as well as the architecture of WSN in the IoT. Our primary aim is to highlight the research issues and limitations of WSNs related to the IoT. The fundamental goal of this work is to emphasize a suggested architecture linked to WSN–IoT to enhance energy and power consumption, mobility, information transmission, QoS, and security, as well as to present practical solutions to data link layer difficulties for the future using machine learning. Moreover, we present data link layer protocol issues, attacks, limitations, and research gaps for WSN frameworks based on the recent work conducted on the data link layer concerning WSN applications. Current significant issues and challenges pertain to flow control, quality of service (QoS), security, and performance. In the context of the literature, less work has been undertaken concerning the data link layer in WSN and its relation to improved network performance.

Cloud computing is the collection of excellent services (storage, databases, etc.) provided to customers and organizations over the internet to fulfill their requirements efficiently. Everything depends on the internet, and you can access your data anywhere. On the other hand, cloud service clients must ensure that the outsourced backup is secure enough to entrust with their data. This research highlighted how the cloud has benefited people by providing unlimited, secure storage without any high cost of investment in hardware. Cloud storage also aids in the security of your data backup, allowing you to access your files and documents even if your hardware is lost or damaged. It is also known as disaster recovery. Google Photos and Google Drive are examples of adequately encrypted backup storage. This paper also discusses the core functionalities of Google photos and Google drive and their advantages in a more comprehensive form. This research's main aim is to provide users with awareness regarding data loss and recovery. Furthermore, threats related to modern technology are also part of this research. In addition, the article also included some graphs and figures to explain the results and facts in detail.