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Due to increased construction the use of concrete is also increased. Concrete consists of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), aggregates (coarse and fine) and water. To improve the characteristics of concrete, nowadays addition of admixtures to the concrete is widely used. Admixture should be easily available and cost effective. Here in this study, we introduce easily available and cost effective admixture Pulp Black Liquor (PBL), a byproduct from paper industry. The discharge of pulp black liquor to the environment will cause serious environmental issues. So by adding pulp black liquor to concrete as an admixture, can reduce environmental issues and improves the properties of concrete like workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength. In this study the effects of PBL on concrete were studied using two different design mixes.

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Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Aim: The present study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of breathing exercises in the reduction of dyspnoea among the COPD patients. Methods: A quantitative research approach, quasi experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was used in the study. The study was theoretically supported by the frame work based on goal attainment theory of Imogen King. The study was conducted in pulmonology wards of a teaching institute in South India. A total of 60 subjects were selected. The samples were selected by using convenient sampling technique. BODE index was used to grade dyspnoea. The data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: 63% of patients were having BODE index score between 4 and 7. In the experimental group the mean pre-test value was 6.13 and the mean post-test value was 2.96 and significant at p value 0.001 level. The post interventional level of dyspnoea of both groups was analysed by using Mann Whitney test, and showed a p value of 0.001. There is significant reduction in the level of dyspnoea after practising breathing exercises compared with control group. Conclusion: There is significant reduction in the level of dyspnoea among COPD patients with breathing exercises.