Worldwide continuous demand for milk and milk products triggers different stakeholders in the dairy sector, which leads to the establishment of modern dairy farms, processing companies, and the invention of artificial intelligence. This dramatic change in the sector boosted milk production and reduce the impact of dairying on the environment. There has been a tremendous improvement in all unit activities such as separation, standardization, pasteurization, homogenization, and packing due to modern innovations in the fluid milk processing business. Advanced technologies in milk processing are applied to extend the shelf life, enhance the nutritional quality and safety of dairy products and health advantages without altering its physicochemical characteristics. Generally, the use of recent technologies in milk production has a significant impact to address the demand for milk and milk products, poverty alleviation, reducing GHG emissions, and other global challenges. The dairy industry can benefit greatly from new advancements and innovations in modern biotechnology, such as rDNA technology, transgenics, probiotics, bio preservatives, recombinant enzymes, starter culture, and improved bioprocess engineering tools by producing novel foods customized for specific consumers. While biotechnology brings incredible benefits, it also persuades a potential impact on health and the environment. Therefore, its application needs great intention.

The study was conducted in Mieso and Bordede districts, in West Hararghe Zone of Oromiya National Regional State with the objectives of assessing major constraints of camel production, reproductive performances, and physicochemical quality of camel milk in the study areas. A total of 120 households (camel owners) were selected purposively for interview (i.e 20 households from each kebeles). Feed shortage, conflict over the scarcity of natural resources, low productivity of grazing land, and water scarcity were the main constraints of camel production. The mean age at first mating for male and female camels was 5.92±2.91 and 4.79±1.84 years respectively, similarly, the average number of services per conception of camels in this finding was 1.73±0.64. The reproductive span of male and female camels in the study area were 20.04±6.50 and 25.20±7.83 years, respectively and the gestation period of camels recorded in this study was 1.73±0.64. The lactation length of a camel was 9.77±2.10 and 17.30±5.66 months in Mieso and Bordede, respectively. Late maturity is reported as the primary reproductive constraint followed by long calving interval, the presence of reproductive disease, low conception rate and the birth of stunted calves in Mieso district. Whereas in Bordede district the primary reproductive constraints were late maturity followed by the presence of reproductive disease, long calving interval, low conception rate and birth of stunted calf. In conclusion, camel is one of the most important livestock for pastoralists’ livelihood as a source of milk, meat and draught power. In order to increase the productivity of camels, the major constraints such as shortage of feed and water, disease problems and others should be given attention.