A two-dimensional nanoparticle–single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) array has been assembled for the detection of bacterial species using machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Out of 60 unknowns prepared from bacterial lysates, 54 unknowns were predicted correctly. Furthermore, the nanosensor array, supported by ML algorithms, was able to distinguish wild-type Escherichia coli from its mutant by a single gene difference. In addition, the nanosensor array was able to distinguish untreated wild-type E. coli from those treated with antimicrobial drugs. This work demonstrates the potential of nanoparticle–ssDNA arrays and ML algorithms for the discrimination and identification of complex biological matrixes.

Small molecule cyanuric acid is used to assemble a novel DNA hydrogel which is programmed to encapsulate and release a variety of compounds including drug molecules.