No abstract

Brassinolides (BRs) are naturally-occurring phytohormones, which are essentially important to improve the crop adoptive capacity to various stresses. Spray volume (SV) and agrochemical application methods are associated with chemical deposition and field efficiency. The objective of this study was to compare the possible effects of 28-Homobrassinolide (HBL) dosages 18, 22, and 30 mg a.i. ha−1 for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sprayers (15 L ha−1 and 30 L ha−1) and 22 mg a.i. ha−1 for Knapsack manual sprayers (KMS) (450 L ha−1) at maize silking stage on droplets deposition distribution, photosynthetic parameters, grain filling process and yield. The results showed that the droplet deposition of UAV (15, 30 L ha−1) was 47.04%, 8.89% higher than KMS. However, the UAV sprayer had a poor droplet deposition distribution. HBL significantly increased the photosynthetic parameters, grain filling rate, and yield. A UAV spray volume of 15 L ha−1 with 22 mg a.i. ha−1 significantly increased grains yield by 4.16–5.64%, 7.5–12.09% compared to KMS and CK in both years. Considering the high efficiency of the UAV sprayer and better effects of HBL on final yield, spraying 22~30 mg a.i. ha−1 with UAV spray volume 15 L ha−1 at the silking stage could be a better strategy.

Exogenously applied phytohormones improve the endosperm cells and establish greater kernel sink capacity and grain filling, improving grain yield. In this study, 28-Homobrassinolide (HBR) dosages (20, 25, and 30 mg a. i. ha−1) were applied separately at the silking stage under controlled conditions, and EDAH (a mixture of ethephon and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate) dosage of 90 g a. i. ha−1 was sprayed at the jointing stage to enhance the lodging resistance. Our objective was to investigate whether the application of HBR under controlled conditions or with EDAH could enhance the grain filling rate by regulating endogenous hormones. The results showed that HBR at the silking stage significantly increased endogenous hormones (ABA, IAA, Z+ZR), hampered leaf senescence, enhanced photosynthetic, improved dry matter accumulation in grains, and increased the grain-filling period, filling rate, and thousand-grains weight. Additionally, HBR 25 and 30 mg a. i. ha−1 increased the final yield by 9.9% and 19.5% compared to the control (CK) in 2020 and 14.1% and 18.95% in 2021, respectively. There was no significant difference between the results obtained from HBR-controlled and EDAH treatments at the jointing stage. Thus, we conclude that spraying HBR 25~30 mg a. i. ha−1 under controlled conditions may increase the grain yield under normal weather conditions. In adverse weather conditions and heavy wind, spraying EDAH 90 g a. i. ha−1 at the jointing stage and HBR 30 mg a. i. ha−1 at the silking stage can enhance maize production.

Maize (Zea mays L.) lodging is an important factor limiting its yield increase worldwide. EDAH (containing 27% ethephon and 3% DA-6) is commonly used to decrease lodging. There is an urgent need to select efficient application methods of agrochemical for better spray deposition. In our research, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (15 L ha−1 and 30 L ha−1) with EDAH dosages of 72 and 90 g a.i. ha−1, and electric knapsack sprayers (EKS) (450 L ha−1) with dosages of 90 g a.i. ha−1 were used to compare the droplet deposition distribution, uniformity and maize growth. According to our research, EDAH applied by UAV had a higher droplet deposition rate than EKS; EKS had a higher droplet coverage rate, deposition density, droplet distribution uniformity. At the same dosage of EDAH, the UAV had a better effect on controlling maize growth than EKS, and almost equal effects were detected when the dosage applied by the UAVs was decreased by 20%. Considering the lodging occurrence and yield, we recommend that the dosage of EDAH applied by UAVs should be 72 g a.i. ha−1 when there is weak lodging and 90 g a.i. ha−1 when there is heavy lodging, with a spray volume of 15 L ha−1.