BackgroundRegional anesthesia is increasingly used in acute postoperative pain management. Ultrasound has been used to facilitate the performance of the regional block, increase the percentage of successfully performed procedures and reduce the complication rate. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been studied in many medical disciplines with achieving high success, especially in radiology. The purpose of this review was to review the evidence on the application of artificial intelligence for optimization and interpretation of the sonographic image, and visualization of needle advancement and injection of local anesthetic.MethodsTo conduct this scoping review, we followed the PRISMA-S guidelines. We included studies if they met the following criteria: (1) Application of Artificial intelligence-assisted in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia; (2) Any human subject (of any age), object (manikin), or animal; (3) Study design: prospective, retrospective, RCTs; (4) Any method of regional anesthesia (epidural, spinal anesthesia, peripheral nerves); (5) Any anatomical localization of regional anesthesia (any nerve or plexus) (6) Any methods of artificial intelligence; (7) Settings: Any healthcare settings (Medical centers, hospitals, clinics, laboratories.ResultsThe systematic searches identified 78 citations. After the removal of the duplicates, 19 full-text articles were assessed; and 15 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review.ConclusionsAI solutions might be useful in anatomical landmark identification, reducing or even avoiding possible complications. AI-guided solutions can improve the optimization and interpretation of the sonographic image, visualization of needle advancement, and injection of local anesthetic. AI-guided solutions might improve the training process in UGRA. Although significant progress has been made in the application of AI-guided UGRA, randomized control trials are still missing.

Background and objectiveVirtual reality is a promising pain control strategy for various pain conditions. This umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses aims to evaluate the analgesic effects of virtual reality.MethodsWe searched for the relevant reviews in Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane library. Our primary outcome was pain, with secondary outcomes including disability, general health status, patient satisfaction, depression, balance, fear of movement, and adverse events. The quality of included articles was evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 tool.Results21 systematic reviews and meta-analyses with 274 studies and 17,680 patients were included in this review. All the reviews concluded benefits of virtual reality in managing pain conditions, including chronic and pain.Discussion and conclusionsThis umbrella review demonstrates successful application of virtual reality in pain control, including perioperative, periprocedural, and chronic pain settings. Virtual reality can be used as an alternative therapy for pain management in children and adults.

Introduction and Aims: Development of acute kidney injury (AKI) is related to several factors in patients undergoing open heart surgery. Prolonged cardio pulmonary bypass (on-pump) is one of the prominent causes. We aimed to study relation between on-pump cardiac surgery and hematologic changes after surgery in patients who developed or did not develop AKI. Methods: This retrospective study included 183 patients who underwent open heart surgery with cardio pulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. All patients were categorized into AKI and non-AKI groups following cardiac surgery according to KDIGO AKI guideline (increase in serum creatinine by 0.3 mg/dL within 48 h or increase in serum creatinine to 1.5 times baseline). Cardio pulmonary bypass parameters (on-pump time, aortic-cross clamp time, degree of hypothermia and cardioplegia volume) during the surgery and routine hematologic parameters (complete blood counts) at baseline, 2nd, 12th and 24th hours after conduction of surgery were recorded for statistical analysis. Results were considered as significant if p≤0.05.