No abstract

Agricultural survey, based on GIS scheme, using satellite images and topographic maps, field survey was carried out during 2008/2009 winter and 2009 summer seasons to determine the whole land cover of the Nile Delta and Valley. This was done using CLAC’s recent (2006) digital shape file data for different geographic layers (Roads, railways, irrigation channels, water bodies and cultivated areas), and SPOT 5 satellite images (2007). Data show that the cultivated area of wheat was about 2.9 million feddans (4200 m2) in 2008 depending on the ministry of agriculture and land reclamation (MALR) statistics, while the area of wheat in the same year according to GIS and field survey was about 2.5 million feddans. There was about 13% difference between the two concerned methods (GIS + field survey) and MALR’s conventional statistical method. However, the cultivated barley area in 2008 winter season was 148 thousand feddans according to GIS + field survey data, whilst the statistical data was 181 thousand feddans. The GIS + field survey data showed that the area of cotton were decreased sharply in the season of 2009 to 250 thousand feddans compared to 284 thousand feddans with the MALR’s statistical method. Water budget during winter survey for the whole crop pattern was increased from 11 billion cubic meters in 1980 to 24 billion cubic meters in 2013, while water budget during summer survey was increased from 20 billion cubic meters in 1980 to 25 billion cubic meters in 2012. The average water budget for the whole crop pattern in Nile Delta and Nile Valley was 49 billion cubic meters during 2012 /2013.

32Nigeria relies on data from periodic resource-intensive surveys such as antenatal HIV 33 seroprevalence sentinel surveys (ANC-HSS) and population-based National AIDS and Reproductive 34 Health Surveys (NARHS) for its HIV control efforts. Nigeria has not explored the use of readily available 35 routine programmatic data (RPD) to easily inform and monitor epidemic control efforts at local settings 36 in near real time. This study aimed to determine the utility of RPDs (Prevention of Mother-To-Child 37 Transmission [PMTCT] and HIV Testing and Counseling [HTC]) as a proxy for monitoring HIV epidemic in 38 Nigeria. Using World Health Organization 12 step triangulation procedures, we compared state-level 39 seropositivity data from PMTCT and HTC programs to HIV prevalence data from NARHS and ANC-HSS 40 reports in relevant pairs from 2010 to 2014 in Nigeria. The study population was pregnant women and 41 general population. We abstracted relevant data from PEPFAR Nigeria data source and published 42 national survey reports. We compared visual (scatterplots and maps) patterns and trends, and 43 performed Pearson correlation and univariate linear regression models of the estimates for best 44 matched/contiguous years for which data were available. Correlation between PMTCT2014 and ANC-45