Background. Bone mineral density (BMD) is the measure of the minerals, mostly calcium and phosphorous, contained in certain volume of bone to diagnose osteoporosis. The aim of the study was to find out the association of lifestyle and food consumption with BMD. Methods. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 169 people of age 50 years and above who underwent Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) scan in the hospitals of Kathmandu valley of Nepal. Food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall methods were followed. The DXA reports of the participants were observed to identify osteoporosis. Chi-square test, independent sample t-test, and binary logistic regression were applied to explore the association of BMD with different variables. Result. The prevalence of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal BMD was 37.3%, 38.5%, and 24.2%, respectively. The prevalence of osteoporosis increased with sex and age (AOR 3.339, CI: 1.240-8.995, p-value 0.017; AOR 3.756, CI: 1.745-8.085, p-value 0.001), respectively. Higher BMI was associated with lower odds of osteoporosis (AOR 0.428, CI: 0.209-0.877, p-value 0.020). Smoking had bad effect on the health of bone (AOR 3.848, CI: 1.179-12.558, p-value 0.026). Daily dietary calcium intake had negative association with osteoporosis with the p-value of 0.003; however, the daily consumption of vitamin D rich food had no association with osteoporosis. Conclusion. High prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was found in older people. Osteoporosis was found to be significantly associated with sex, age, lower BMI, smoking habit, and daily calcium consumption. Further research can be conducted by making the relationship of calcium consumption with the numerical T-value of scanned body parts.

Background Femur fracture is a major burden among elderly people, leading patients to be bedridden for a long time in the hospital. The body is more likely to be in a catabolic state as a result of the prolonged fasting period required for surgery, leading to an increase in insulin resistance. Pre-operative carbohydrate loading has been shown to improve postoperative outcomes in several countries. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-operative carbohydrate loading in femur fracture surgery. Methods This study was single-center, hospital-based, open-label, parallel-group randomized controlled trial conducted between August 2020 and November 2021. A total of 66 participants, aged 50 years and above having femur fractures planned for surgery were included in this study and assigned to the control (n = 33) and study (n = 33) groups through computer-generated random numbers. The control group was kept fasting from midnight to the next morning as in existence while the study group was intervened with carbohydrate loading according to the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol. The pre-operative nutritional status was identified and the postoperative outcomes were measured using the Visual Analogue Score (VAS), Cumulative Ambulatory Score (CAS), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) scoring systems. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test and the Student’s two-sample t-test to compare the outcomes between the two groups. Results All the participants completed the study. There was a significant reduction in the average postoperative pain in the carbohydrate loading group (VAS: 4.8 (SD ± 1.8), 95% CI: 4.7–5.4) as compared to the control group (VAS: 6.1 (SD ± 2.1), 95% CI: 5.3–6.8). The average CAS showed a significant improvement in regaining the mobility function of participants in the study group (CAS: 8.1 (SD ± 2.8), 95% CI: 7.1–9.1) than that of the control group (CAS: 6.8 (SD ± 2.8), 95% CI: 5.8–7.8). The mean MBI score of the participants at the time of discharge from the hospital was higher in the study group (MBI:13.1 (SD ± 2.3), 95% CI: 12.2–13.9) compared to the control group (MBI: 11.8 (SD ± 3.1), 95% CI:10.6–12.9). Similarly, the length of hospital stay after surgery had decreased in the study group than in the control group. Conclusions The uptake of carbohydrate loading showed reduced post-operative pain, enhanced functional mobility, and decreased length of hospital stay. This study warrants larger trials to show the effect of pre-operative carbohydrate loading in a clinical setting. Trial registration NCT04838366, first registered on 09/042021 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04838366).

BackgroundFemur fracture exhibits a major clinical burden among the elderly people, leading patients to be bedridden for a long time in the hospital. The body is more likely to be in a catabolic state as a result of the prolonged fasting period required for surgery, prominent to an increase in insulin resistance. Pre-operative carbohydrate loading has been shown to improve postoperative outcomes in several countries, however no studies on this topic have yet been reported in Nepal. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of pre-operative carbohydrate loading in femur fracture surgery.MethodsThis study was a hospital-based, open-label, two-armed, randomized controlled trial. A total of 66 participants were included in this study and assigned to control group (n = 33) and study group (n = 33). Participants aged 50 years and above were recruited randomly through computer-generated random number between August 2020 and November 2021. Those who underwent femur fracture surgery were enrolled in this study. The pre-operative nutritional status was identified and the post-operative outcomes were measured using the Visual Analogue Score (VAS), Cumulative Ambulatory Score (CAS), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) score system. Statistical analysis were performed using the Chi-square test and independent t-test to compare between the outcomes between two groups.ResultsAll the participants completed the study. The effect of carbohydrate loading showed a significant reduction in the post-operative pain in the study group than that of the control group (4.1 ± 1.8 versus 6.1 ± 2.1, p = 0.010) and higher functional mobility (8.1 ± 2.6 versus 6.8 ± 2.8, p = 0.033). The hospital stay in the study group was also shorter than in the control group (6.7 ± 2.4 versus 8.8 ± 4.5, p = 0.024).ConclusionsThe uptake of carbohydrate loading showed reduced post-operative pain, enhanced functional mobility, and decreased length of hospital stay. This study warrants a revision of current guidelines, which shed more light on the necessity of the provision of pre-operative carbohydrate loading in a clinical setting.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04838366. Registered 9 April, 2021, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04838366