Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft-tissue effects of 2 fixed functional appliance; Forsus Fatigue Resistance Device (FFRD) and PowerScope appliance in treating patients with skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion. Materials and Methods This comparative prospective two-group study included 20 patients with a mean age of 11.2 ± 1.6 years with skeletal class II malocclusion with retrognathic mandible. One group was treated with FFRD, and second group was treated with PowerScope appliance. Lateral cephalograms were evaluated at T1 (pre-functional appliance treatment)) and at T2 (postappliance treatment). Cephalometric values were calculated and assessed to evaluate skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft-tissue changes. Results Sagittal correction of class II malocclusion appeared to be mainly achieved by dentoalveolar changes in the PowerScope group. The FFRD was able to induce both skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. A favorable influence on facial convexity was achieved by both groups. A significant increase in upper pharynx and lower pharynx dimension was seen in the PowerScope group. A statistically significant decrease in upper lip protrusion, increase in lower lip protrusion, increased nasolabial angle, and decrease in inferior labial sulcus were noted in both the groups. Lower incisors proclined more in the PowerScope group. Conclusion Both appliances were effective in correcting class II malocclusion. Forsus had more skeletal effects on the mandible, whereas PowerScope had less skeletal effects on the mandible and more dentoalveolar effects, contributing to class II correction. Both groups showed a significant improvement in soft-tissue profile. PowerScope group showed a significant increase in airway dimensions

Pain is a sensory experience that is highly subjective. The most commonly used method by a clinician to measure pain is visual analogue scale. Various factors such as age, sociocultural, psychological and environmental factors profoundly alter the Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of bite wafer (BW) in reducing pain levels, which is a highly complex and subjective phenomenon by assessing the substance P level in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) at different time intervals after initial arch wire placement. Methods:A parallel 2-group prospective case control study was designed for the estimation of substance P levels in GCF after bite-wafer chewing to validate orthodontic pain reduction. The sample size consisted of 80 subjects (47 males and 33 females, mean age of 18.94±2.87 years), who were randomly divided into two groups as the BW group (BWG) and the control group (CG). Fixed orthodontic appliance was placed in each patients of both groups and 0.014-inch nickel-titanium wire was placed and ligated. GCF was collected from the BW and CG before and 8, 24 and 72 hours after the initiation of orthodontic treatment. Unpaired T test was applied between the control and experimental group to evaluate the significant difference between the groups. Results:The substance P level in GCF for both the BWG and CG followed a similar curve i.e., their levels increased after 8 hours, reached its peak at 24 hours and decreased gradually at 72 hours. The mean substance P level was significantly lower in the BWG compared to the CG, which implied that rhythmic chewing of BW helps in alleviating pain. Conclusion:Bite wafers offer an excellent non-pharmacological option in reducing substance p level, thus indicating pain alleviation after orthodontic procedures. ABSTRACT Date

Objective: To evaluate the potential use of digital and reconstructed three-dimensional printed models as an alternative to conventional plaster models by assessing the accuracy of their linear measurements. Methodology: Pre-treatment plaster models of 45 patients were selected from the archives of the Department of Orthodontics. Each physical plaster model was scanned and digitized using a three-dimensional (3D) laser surface scanning system (inEOS X5, Dentsply Sirona, Bensheim, Germany). The scanned STL files were later used to reconstruct models by 3D printing using Figure4® standalone 3D printer (3D systems, Rock Hill, South Carolina). Measurements of teeth 11 and 16, the transverse width of the upper jaw between the first molars (MM - intermolar width) and canines (CC - intercanine width) were done manually using a digital vernier caliper (Mitutoyo, Kawasaki, Japan), and the CAD Assistant software (Open cascade, Guyancourt, France). Intra examiner data, Intraobserver variability, and measurement accuracy were evaluated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) analysis was done using SPSS 20.0. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients were >0.8 indicating high reproducibility and reliability. Significant differences were found between the physical and the digital models but to a small proportion which were deemed not clinically relevant. Conclusion: Both the digital models and reconstructed three-dimensional printed models using Figure4® technology were clinically permissible in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. The digital storage, transmission, and treatment planning in an environmentally friendly manner should promote digital over conventional records.

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