Abstract:Introduction: Risk factors for highland malaria and difference diagnosis of highland malaria is discussed and analyzed in UNHCR refugee camps in Kizba, Rwanda. Patients and Methods: Diagnosis of highland malaria was performed clinically plus microscopically (blood smear) and with rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Results: 371 patients from an area of 4,777 residents were diagnosed for malaria and the mean levels of CRP where 70.1 g/l. Conclusion: Despite Highland malaria at an attitude of 1,950 m.a.s. is very rare, CRP response in a patient was significant.

chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a recognized global public health problem whose effects are felt across different socioeconomic. It directly resulted in an estimated 1.23 million deaths in 2017. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors with chronic kidney disease. The study was conducted under a cross-sectional study design. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was applied to collect data. This study included 87 study respondents using Yamane formula. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study respondents. The study data collected considered the timeframe from January to March 2023. Data were entered into SPSS, coded, recorded, and analysed in SPSS version 29 was used. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to analyse the sociodemographic characteristics, and factors associated with CKD. The significance level was set to 95% CI and a P value less than 0.05. A total of 87 inpatients in the medical ward were included in this study, the prevalence of CKD in Kigali City selected hospitals was 20%. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and malaria antecedent were significantly associated with CKD with AoR:11.264 (2.642-18.546); 6.215(3.112-22.543); 4.112(1.724-14.254) and p<0.001. Acute kidney disease, over-the-counter medication, and longer sickness period) were also significant with p<0.05. This study concluded that hypertension and diabetes are the key factors that are associated with chronic kidney disease. Therefore, this study suggests the Ministry of Health in Rwanda and international partners to increase health education/health promotion intervention by health workers for kidney protection and decrease the risk of developing serious CKD. The interventions should be oriented to non-communicable diseases prevention within a prepared periodic campaign through media, seminars, and workshops by the healthcare providers and patients who are involved.