Background: In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, the urban health extension program was started in 2009. Its approach is based on the assumption that access to and quality of primary health care in urban communities can be improved through transfer of health knowledge and skills to households. The study was conducted to assess the status of urban health extension service utilization and associated factors.Methods: A community based cross–sectional study was conducted to collect data from 628 participants. Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. Binary logistic regression was used for data analysis.Results: The proportion of community utilization of the urban health extension program was found to be 86%. Respondents’ odds of utilizing urban health extension services among those who participated in the planning of urban health extension program activities were 2.8 (AOR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.43-3.70) times the odds of those who did not participate. The household respondents who utilized toilet with hand washing facilities had odds of utilizing urban health extension services that are higher by 2.62 (AOR=2.62 with 95% CI: 1.70-9.77) compared to those not utilizing toilet with hand washing facilities.Conclusions: The study provided important information regarding to the status of community utilization of urban health extension services. Respondents who utilized toilet with hand washing facilities were higher among the respondents who utilized and implemented the urban health extension packages. Respondents who participated in the planning of urban health extension program activities were those who significantly utilized and implemented the urban health extension program.

The study aimed to assess the determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storage. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. One hundred and twenty-five drinking-water samples were collected directly from food outlets' drinking-water storages. Observational checklist was used to assess sanitary risk levels of the storages. Data analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression. Type of primary source of drinking-water, having continuous piped water, type of drinking-water storage equipment, drinking-water storage having a lid/cover, method of drinking-water drawn from the water storages, presence of any method of drinking-water treatment, and having functional hand-washing facility with soap near the toilet were identified as major determinant factors. This study revealed that nearly 30% of the food outlets' drinking-water was not microbiologically safe. As a result, these establishments could be a source of different health problems for their customers. In the study, many determinant factors that affect drinking-water quality of the food outlets were identified. As well, 16.3% and 18.7% of the food outlet drinking-water storages were grouped into high and very high contamination risk levels, respectively. Therefore, the existing regulatory body should force the food outlets to have effective hand-washing practices, clean, suitable drinking-water storage, and to avoid dipping practice.

Introduction Community‐based health insurance (CBHI) scheme is a powerful tool to achieve universal health service coverage by providing financial protection against healthcare costs. Ethiopia introduced CBHI, although its utilization is suspected to be poor. Consequently, this study aimed to assess CBHI service usage and related factors. Methods Six hundred fifty‐two participants were enrolled in this study. Data was collected through a face‐to‐face interview. Results This study indicated that 60% of respondents utilized the CBHI service. In this study, male participants were 44% less likely to use the CBHI service (AOR = 0.44 with 95%CI: 0.28–0.70) than female participants. Besides, participants from small households were 54% less likely to utilize the CBHI service (AOR = 0.54 with 95%CI: 0.36–0. 82) than those from large families. However, using the CBHI service was 4.97 times higher among illiterate participants (AOR = 4.97 with 95%CI: 1.46–16.91) than those with literacy skills. Moreover, participants with low income were 5.14 times more likely to use the CBHI service (AOR = 5.14 with 95%CI: 2.27–11.64) than those with high monthly income. Additionally, participants who had not a private home were 6.31 times higher to use the CBHI service (AOR = 6.31 with a 95%CI: 2.76–14.46) than those who had. Furthermore, participants having adequate information on the CBHI were 8.99 times more likely to use the CBHI service (AOR = 8.99 with 95%CI: 5.66–14.27) than those who had not. Conclusion The study provides essential information regarding CBHI service utilization and associated factors. Although the majority of the participants used the CBHI service, still a large number of users did not receive the services properly. Availability of laboratory services and delivery of essential drugs were low. Therefore, government and other relevant agencies should develop effective regulatory systems to promote the CBHI service and improve public health facilities' capacity to provide CHHI services properly.

Introduction: Clean and suitable drinking-water is a key component to enhance human health. However, obtaining safe and adequate water is limited in many developing countries. Besides, treated drinking-water are often contaminated at storages and point of use with contaminants and consumption of unclean water poses a great public health problem. This study aimed to assess the determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of water storages in food establishments of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. 125 food outlets were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Then, 125 drinking-water samples (250 from each) were collected directly from the food outlets drinking-water storages. Moreover, observational checklist was used to assess determinants of drinking-water quality and sanitary risk levels of the storages. Data analysis was conducted using multivariable logistic regression.Results: This study revealed that, 28.5% of the drinking-water was contaminated with fecal coliforms. Besides, based on WHO criteria, 16.3% and 18.7% of the food outlet drinking-water storages were grouped into high and very high contamination risk levels respectively. Seven (7) explanatory variables were identified as main determinant factors which significantly associated (p-value < 0.03) with the contaminated drinking-water. Conclusion: Most of the food establishments’ drinking-water was free from bacteriological contamination and safe from biological hazards. However, significant number of food establishments’ drinking-water storages had fecal contamination. In the study, many determinant factors that affect drinking-water quality of the food outlets were identified. Therefore, good sanitation and hygiene practice should be practiced at the food establishments. Besides, creation of awareness about drinking water contamination and its health risks should be done by concerned bodies.