PurposeThis study aimed to explore how a group of Chinese primary mathematics teachers learned through conducting an online cross-cultural lesson study between China and Australia.Design/methodology/approachAn expansive learning theory was adopted to examine teachers' learning through collective activities across different activity systems. Multiple data sets including videos of research lessons, debriefings and audios of interviews were collected. From the expansive learning perspective, based on a fine-grained qualitative data analysis, various contradictions (as driving forces of learning) were identified and the ways of resolving the contradictions (as enactment of learning) were located to feature teacher learning throughout the online lesson study process.FindingsTeachers' expansive learning includes enhancing teachers' MKT and Mathematics TPACK, developing instructional design skills and capabilities in addressing challenges occurring in the virtual environment were identified.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, the study illustrated how expansive learning theory could be utilized to examine teacher collaborative learning in the online cross-cultural lesson study. Practically, this study showed that reiterative cycles and experts' facilitation are crucial to expansive learning for linking research to classroom practice. However, this study did not focus on student learning in the virtual environment. Australian teachers' reciprocal learning through the online lesson study also requires further exploration.Originality/valueBoth online lesson study and cross-cultural collaboration are innovative. The expansive learning lens are creatively used to examine the complexity of teacher learning in such a novel environment.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report a case study of how learning study was incorporated in teacher education programs in Hong Kong. It aims to share the success of the program and to disseminate how pre‐service teachers enhanced their mathematical content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge by practising learning study. Building on the work, this paper suggests incorporating the framework of learning study, a theory‐guided pedagogical principle, as an integrated subject of mathematics pedagogy and teaching practice in teacher education programs.Design/methodology/approachIn total 32 pre‐service teachers’ learning journals of their reflections of learning processes were analyzed. The analysis of data and reporting of findings are linked tightly to how pre‐service teachers enhanced their mathematical content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge by practising learning study.FindingsThe 32 pre‐service teachers noted that the learning study subject fostered their understanding of relationship between theory and practice and their understanding of transforming knowledge into action. In particular, they came to understand that knowledge of pupils and content involves a particular mathematical idea or procedure and familiarity with students’ prior knowledge and misconceptions. They also reported that they understood better what mathematics pedagogy content knowledge means and what components it includes.Originality/valueThe suggestions of incorporating the framework of learning study in teacher education programs is supported and manifested by the positive feedback and comments of the 32 pre‐service teachers who underwent the entire learning process of learning study in Hong Kong. The findings demonstrate how pre‐service teachers’ mathematical content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge were enhanced by practising learning study.

We surveyed 403 students in their clinical years for their perceptions of the quality of clinical clerkships. Between 42.6 and 67.0% of tutorials were said to contain positive factors such as a relaxed teaching atmosphere, enthusiasm, a good selection of patients and adequate preparation. Negative features in 18.2-37.2% of tutorials included unreasonable expectations, conflicting information, late arrival, early departure, failure to show up and the display of anger, a patronizing attitude, favouritism or ridicule. While two-thirds of tutors were regarded as friendly and helpful, the remaining one-third were perceived as unconcerned, discouraging, derogatory or hostile. Overall, only half the clinical tutors were rated as effective teachers; more specifically in medicine and psychiatry, less than one-third of consultants were regarded as effective teachers, as compared with some two-thirds of consultants in obstetrics and gynaecology and paediatrics who were so regarded. Almost two-thirds of the students had predominantly positive reactions to interactions with their tutors, in terms of being motivated to learn, enthused about the subject and having their self-confidence increased. Some one-quarter had negative reactions such as indifference, depression, anger, embarrassment and fearfulness. However, the impact of student-tutor interactions was mainly confined to the students' academic well-being, with little effect on their personal-social lives. Finally, one-third of students had experienced at least some form of mistreatment by their tutors, including gender, appearance, religious and racial discrimination, unfair grading and public humiliation. These findings suggest that the clinical clerkship may not be providing an optimal learning environment for medical students.

This paper reports an investigation of Chinese-speaking and English-speaking children's general visual perceptual abilities. The Developmental Test of Visual Perception was administered to 41 native Chinese-speaking children of mean age 5 yr. 4 mo. in Hong Kong and 35 English-speaking children of mean age 5 yr. 2 mo. in Melbourne. Of interest were the two interrelated components of visual perceptual abilities, namely, motor-reduced visual perceptual and visual-motor integration perceptual abilities, which require either verbal or motoric responses in completing visual tasks. Chinese-speaking children significantly outperformed the English-speaking children on general visual perceptual abilities. When comparing the results of each of the two different components, the Chinese-speaking students' performance on visual-motor integration was far better than that of their counterparts (ES = 2.70), while the two groups of students performed similarly on motor-reduced visual perceptual abilities. Cultural factors such as written language format may be contributing to the enhanced performance of Chinese-speaking children's visual-motor integration abilities, but there may be validity questions in the Chinese version.