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A survey of the phlebotomine sandflies in and around Kuwait City (Kuwait) was made during May and June 1981. Three species were found associated with human habitations: Phlebotomus papatasi (Scop.), P. alexandri Sinton and Sergentomyia antennata (Newst.). Sandflies were more abundant in newly developed areas on the periphery of the city than in the central or well-established areas. The five species in the phlebotomine fauna of Kuwait are reviewed and compared with those in adjacent countries. The relationship between the distribution of sandflies and building development is discussed and related to the recent increases in leishmaniasis cases in Kuwait. It is suggested that P. papatasi is the local vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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