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Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between liver function tests and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease patients. Methodology: this study was conducted in Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from Ist May 2022 till 31st Oct, 2022. 250 patients in total were included in this study. All the people included in this study were chronic kidney disease patients at pre dialysis stage 3 to 5. Data collected included demographic information, liver function tests and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors. CKD-EPI equation was used to calculate glomerular filtration rate. Results: This study resulted in ALT being negatively correlated with C reactive protein and intact level of parathyroid hormone and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, triglyceride, calcifediol and albumin. Gamma-glutamyl transferase was negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, triglycerides and C reactive protein. AST was negatively correlated with C reactive protein and intact level of parathyroid hormone and positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, HDL cholesterol, albumin and calcifediol. In diabetic patients AST and ALT were positively correlated with glomerular filtration rate, additionally AST was also positively correlated with HDL cholesterol but negatively with intact parathyroid hormone. Gamma-glutamyl transferase had no correlation. In total population of the study and in diabetic group correlation analysis was run between glomerular filtration rate and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors, it resulted in GFR being negatively correlated with albuminuria, C reactive protein and intact parathyroid hormone and positively correlated with triglyceride, calcifediol and albumin. A partial correlation analysis, controlled for GFR, was also run between cardiovascular risk factors and LFTs. It resulted in no correlation between both. Practical implication: this study could be useful when planning the treatment of CKD patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Also in predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in CKD patients based on the LFTs. It could also help initiate further reseach on related topics like the role of LFTs in predicting cardiovascular disease in CKD patients. Conclusion: this study concluded that relation between liver function tests and biochemical cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease patients could be the function of compromised glomerular filtration rate. Keywords: cardiovascular risk factors, chronic kidney disease, aspartate transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase

Objective: Investigating the relationship between vitamin D status and psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis is the goal of this investigation. Methods: 120 individuals with psoriasis & 38 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) participated in a case-control research; 89 (56.3%) of the patients were men. Every patient with psoriasis had their erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and disease activity score utilizing 28 joints (DAS28) computed, and every person with PsA had their disease area and severity index (PASI) assessed. 164 volunteers, matched for age and sex (91 men and 73 women), made up the control group. Serum vitamin D levels were measured in both patients and controls. Results: Both patients' and controls' vitamin D levels were 17.4and 28.3 respectively. When compared to patients with disease durations of 10 years or less, the level of vitamin D was lower in patients with disease durations equal to or greater than that. The two patient groupings' vitamin D levels do not significantly differ from one another. Psoriasis and PsA have been associated with elevated PASI and DAS28 levels due to low vitamin D levels. Conclusion: Low blood Vitamin D levels are connected with patients who have psoriasis and PsA. In both PsA and psoriasis, vitamin D insufficiency has been linked to the persistence of the illness. Keywords: vitamin, psoriasis, diseases severity index, psoriatic arthritis

Objectives: To determine and compare vitamin D status in chronic hepatitis C patients and normal healthy matching controls. Study Design: A case control study. Setting: A private clinic of Peshawar. Period: 1st November 2015 to 31st January 2016. Material & Methods: Fifty clinically normal young adults and fifty non cirrhotic chronic hepatitis C patients were included in the study. Vitamin D was determined by electro chemiluminescence. Student t test was used to analyze the data in SPSS version 21. Results: The mean age of the study population was 30.68+ 5. Vitamin D deficiency was divided into three categories. 21% of the study population had severe vitamin D deficiency, 33% had mild to moderate deficiency and 46% of the study population had normal levels. Females population were more vitamin D deficient as compared to males (p-value<0.05). Vitamin D levels were comparatively decreased in the non cirrhotic chronic hepatitis C patients. Statistically significant (p value <0.05) results were obtained while comparing means of serum vitamin D of non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis C patients with healthy matching controls. Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that a significant number of apparently healthy individual have low vitamin D level and some even fall in the severely deficient group without any active complains. Patients with chronic hepatitis C had rather increased levels of vitamin D as compared to normal healthy adults There might be some genetic factors underlying which affects the availability of Vitamin D.

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