Myanmar is situated in Southeast Asia, where species richness and diversity are very high. Myanmar orchid flora is very rich, but still poorly known because botanical explorations have sharply decreased in Myanmar since 1950. The present study provides a checklist of Myanmar orchid flora which includes 1040 species and 151 genera currently known from Myanmar, based on the herbarium specimens, literature and online databases. The number of species is increased by approximately 200 species more than that given in the checklist of Kress et al. (2003), mainly due to recent discoveries of new species to science and new records for Myanmar. There are 76 endemic species of Orchidaceae in Myanmar. It is estimated that ca. 150–300 species still remain as unidentified and are expected to be discovered in further studies on Myanmar orchid flora.

Neottia nyinyikyawii, a new species of Orchidaceae, is described and illustrated from Nat Ma Taung, Chin State, Myanmar. Neottia nyinyikyawii is morphologically similar to N. chandrae and N. tenuis, but differs from them by having leaves borne in the middle of the plant, elliptic lip 7.0–8.0 × 1.5–2.0 mm and falcate lobelets. A preliminary assessment of the risk of extinction of this new species is Least Concern (LC).

Phalaenopsis putaoensis, a new species of Orchidaceae, is described and illustrated from Putao, Kachin State, Myanmar. Phalaenopsis putaoensis is close to Phalaenopsis honghenensis and P. wilsonii but can be easily distinguished from the latter  two by having falcate lateral lobes adorned with antennae–like appendages and rhombic middle lobe with wartlike calli on disk. A preliminary assessment of the risk of extinction of this new species is Critically Endangered (CR).