This paper is highlighting on increasing knowledge and awareness of obesity risk among primary school students in Malaysia by integrating multimedia design principles as a design strategy in designing and developing a persuasive multimedia application (PerMOss). Preliminary investigation shows that school students' knowledge and awareness about obesity risk are still low, and they are not aware of the adverse effects of obese. In such situation, they need to be educated and made aware of by increasing their knowledge and awareness of obesity risk. In such a situation, with the advantages of current persuasive multimedia technologies, learning can be supported by the effective multimedia application. Accordingly, this study develops a learning application by adapting an instructional design model for design and development by Alessi and Trollip. Then, with the help of experts in the field of food technology and multimedia design, alpha and beta testing were conducted to prove that the content, as well as the design, were valid. The result from the pilot testing revealed that the advantages of multimedia technology could facilitate students in better understanding of obesity risk and improve their awareness of the issues.

OBJECTIVES: The Weber effect, a peak in adverse event (AE) reporting of a drug at the end of second year and continuous decline thereafter, has been considered an important bias for a long time. The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal reporting patterns of fourteen drugs (approved in 2006) for ten years in FAERS database. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was executed on the fourteen drugs approved in 2006. The drugs were selected according to the following conditions. Drugs should be approved in 2006 so that the Adverse Event (AE) reports will be available for at least ten years and the drug should not have acclaimed any major safety alerts. Reports of all drugs were normalized for ease of analysis in such a way that the highest count in the reports of any of the 40 quadrants of the drug in question was considered as 100 and remaining count of reports of that particular drug was normalized accordingly. The reporting pattern were analyzed by quarterly and yearly basis. The data set for analysis was retrieved from FAERS database between 2006 and 2016. RESULTS: The analysis was performed by using 19,539 primary suspected reports associated with the fourteen drugs approved in 2006. Four different types of reporting patterns were observed on analysis according to quarterly basis, namely, transitory decline, plateau prior to the rise in AE reports resumes, Weber effect, M-type pattern. Significant Weber pattern was observed when the reports were analyzed yearly basis. CONCLUSIONS: The present analysis showed that FAERS reporting is pertinent to Weber effect. It is advisable to address Weber effect in all studies which utilize FAERS database and quantification of such effects are required as it may affect the results drawn from the database.OBJECTIVES: Immature survival data can result in higher uncertainty over longterm extrapolations, and consequently in decision-making. Such uncertainty can be reduced with the use of external data. We aimed to review the use of external data to better inform survival extrapolations in submissions to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). METHODS: All NICE technology appraisals (TAs) that dealt with any stage of cancer and had been completed after December 2001 were reviewed. All relevant documents available on the NICE website were reviewed with special attention to the reports developed by the independent Assessment Group (AG) or Evidence Review Group (ERG). We included TAs where external data was used to inform survival extrapolations. Then, in addition to general information about the TA, we extracted the following information: external data source (historical trial, registry data or general population mortality), methods explored in the sponsor submission, criticism and alternative scenarios proposed by AG or ERG. RESULTS: Out of 143 reviewed TAs, ten TAs reported the use of external data to quantitatively inform survival extrapolations. These TAs were in two indications: melanoma (n¼8) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n¼2). Most frequently, a m...