PurposeThe Indian economy has experienced a boom in outward FDI (OFDI) in 2006. The study aims at exploring the factors that drive the boom in OFDI of Indian firms.Design/methodology/approachThe participation of a firm in OFDI is a two-stage process -first, the decision to internationalization and second, how much to invest. We employ a two-stage model to decompose the effects on the decision to internationalization from effects on how much to invest. The two-stage model has the advantage of allowing us to estimate separately the probability of internationalization by a firm – Pr(OFDI > 0) – and the expected volume of investment, E(OFDI|OFDI > 0). The former is estimated by the probit model and the latter is estimated by the ordinary least square model.FindingsThe study finds that prior experience and institutional advantage can strongly drive the internationalization of Indian multinationals. The study also examines the relative importance of two aspects of prior knowledge – length of prior knowledge and depth of prior knowledge on OFDI of Indian firms. The study finds that the depth of prior knowledge is a must influential driver of OFDI in comparison to its length.Originality/valueThe present study is a novel attempt to investigate, ‘What drives the boom in OFDI from India?’

The study investigates a simultaneous act of country-level determinants and firm-level heterogeneity on location distribution of the new wave of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from India. Indian firms are nested within host countries. Therefore, the current study employs mixed multilevel linear regression model to analyse multilevel and longitudinal data. Using firm-to-destination data, the study finds that location distribution of Indian multinationals is simultaneously driven by firm-level heterogeneity and country-level determinants. The study shows that location determinants of the recent wave of OFDI of Indian firms are significantly different from the past wave.

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A study was carried out in order to compare the detection of Trichomonas gallinae by examination of smears of throat swab and culture of protozoa collected from both pigeon and chicken. In the present study, five culture media viz. Modified Diamond’s Media, Nutrient broth, Medium 199, Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) and Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 (RPMI-1640) were used for culture of T. gallinae. Microscopic examination of wet mount/ Giemsa stained smear and culture of the T. gallinae revealed the latter method to be superior to wet mount preparation or staining methods.

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