Pandemi sürecinin getirdiği belirsizliklerin ve buna bağlı olarak yarattığı anksiyetenin en yoğun olduğu geride bıraktığımız bu süreçteki eğitici eğitimi çalışmalarımız, danışmanlık çalışmalarımız, ölçmedeğerlendirme yöntemlerimiz, soru analizlerimiz ve öğrencilerimizden aldığımız geri dönüş çalışmalarımızı, yaptıklarımızı ve yapamadıklarımızı Tıp Eğitimi Camiasıyla paylaşmanın gerekli ve önemli olduğunu düşünmekteyiz. Bu derleme bir deneyim paylaşımı olup, sadece mezuniyet öncesi tıp eğitimi ile ilgili deneyimlerimiz özetlenmiştir.
ÖZETPrenatal stresin psikopatoloji üzerine etkisi birçok hayvan ve insan çalışmasın-da gösterilmiştir. Prenatal dönemde stresin hipotalamo-pituiteradrenokortikal yolun negatif geribildirim regülasyonunda bozulmaya ve aşırı aktiviteye neden olduğu saptanmıştır. Buna ek olarak prenatal stresin doğum komplikasyonu riskini arttırdığı, perinatal dönemde yenilik karşısında uyum sağlamada güçlük, ürkek davranışların gözlenmesine, 3-5 yaş döneminde toplam zeka bölümünde ve dikkat performansında düşüklük, dil becerilerinde geriliğe yol açtığı, ergenlik döneminde ise dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu ile ilişkili belirtilere neden olduğu, dürtüsellik, kaygı ve depresif bozukluk riskini artırdığı gösterilmiştir. Stresin gebeliğin 12-22. haftalarda yaşanma-sı durumunda etkilenmenin daha fazla olacağı düşünülmektedir. Prenatal stresin değerlendirildiği takip programlarının oluşturulması ve doğal afet, terör saldırısı gibi yaşam olaylarına maruz kalan gebelerin hızlı bir şekilde güvenli ve temel ihtiyaçlarının sağlandığı alanlara sevk edilmesi toplum sağlığı açısından önemli olabilir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Prenatal maternal stres, gebelik, psikopatoloji, kortizol ABSTRACTThe influence of prenatal stress on psychopathology has been observed in many animal and human studies. In many studies, stress during prenatal period has been shown to result in negative feedback dysregulation and hyperactivity of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Prenatal stres also may cause increased risk of birth complications, startle or distress in response to novel and surprising stimuli during infancy; lower Full Scale IQs, language abilities and attention deficiency in period of 3-5 years; increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome, anxiety symptoms, depressive disorder and impulsivity during adolescence. Additionally, timing of prenatal stress is also important and 12-22 weeks of gestation seems to be the most vulnerable period. The results underline the need for early prevention and
Background/aim: The purpose of the present study was to review the effect of varicocelectomy on semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy in infertile men. Materials and methods: Data regarding 227 patients who underwent varicocelectomy were analyzed. Patients that was used a loop magnifier were labeled as group I(n=90), patients whom was used a microscope were labeled as group II(n=90) and patients who underwent open ligation were labeled as group III(n=47). Semen parameters and spontaneous pregnancy were compared between the groups. Results: The average age was 28.5 years. Preoperative azoospermia, oligospermia and normospermia were 13.3%, 52.2% and 34.4% in group I, 22.2%, 36.7% and 41.1% in group II, 6.4%, 48.9% and 44.7% in group III, respectively. Postoperative azoospermia, oligospermia and normospermia were 1.1%, 46.7% and 52.2% in group II, respectively(p<0.05). Postoperatively, oligospermia and normospermia were 50% and 50% in group I, 42.6% and 57.4% in group III, respectivly(p<0.05). Postoperative azoospermia were not observed in any of the patients in group I and grup III. Preoperative concentration was 12X10 6 /mL in group I, 12,9X10 6 /mL in group II, and 13X10 6 /mL in group III, postoperative concentration were 16,5X10 6 /mL, 27,5X10 6 /mL and 23X10 6 /mL in group I, group II and group III, respectively(p>0.05). Preoperative morphology were 26.7% in group I, 33% in group II and 25.5% in group III, postoperative morphology were 58.9%, 75.6% and 76.6% in group I, group II and group III, respectively(p<0.05). Preoperative sperm A was 19.9% in group I, 8.3% in group II, 21.3% in group III, postoperative sperm A was 32%, 21.1% and 33.7% in all groups, respectively(p<0.05). Preoperative sperm A+B was 42.1% in group I, 14.2% in group II, 45.1% in group III, postoperative sperm A+B was 52.3%, 45.2% and 55.9% in all groups, respectively(p<0.05). Spontaneous pregnancy was 37.8% in group I, 26.7% in group II and 38.3% in group III(p>0.05). Conclusions: Improvement in semen parameters were found significant in microsurgery groups. While the concentration was insignificant in the open ligation group, spontaneous pregnancy was similar in groups.
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