The number of reports on the effects induced by electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in various cellular systems is still increasing. Until now no satisfactory mechanism has been proposed to explain the biological effects of this radiation. Oxygen free radicals may play a role in mechanisms of adverse effects of EMR. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of electromagnetic radiation of a digital GSM mobile telephone (900 MHz) on oxidant and antioxidant levels in rabbits. Adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, catalase, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde levels were measured in sera and brains of EMR-exposed and sham-exposed rabbits. Serum SOD activity increased, and serum NO levels decreased in EMR-exposed animals compared to the sham group. Other parameters were not changed in either group. This finding may indicate the possible role of increased oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of adverse effect of EMR. Decreased NO levels may also suggest a probable role of NO in the adverse effect.

Oxygen radicals have roles in the renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury usually encountered in several conditions such as renal transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of erdosteine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the oxidant/antioxidant status and microscopy of renal tissues after IR injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: control untreated rats, IR (30 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion), IR + NAC (i.p.; 180 mg/kg) and IR + erdosteine (oral; 50 mg/kg/day for 2 days before experiments) groups. After unilateral renal IR, the right kidney was rapidly excised and sectioned vertically into two pieces for microscopic examination and biochemical analysis. Erdosteine and NAC treatment did not cause any significant change in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in comparison with the IR group, even if the SOD activity increased in IR groups than in the control group. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased in the IR group in comparison with control and IR + erdosteine groups (P<0.05), whereas it was higher in the IR + erdosteine group than in the IR + NAC group (P<0.05). Xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was higher in all the IR-performed groups than in the control group (P<0.05). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) level and protein carbonyl (PC) content were increased after IR injury (P<0.05). Erdosteine or NAC treatments ameliorated these increased TBARS and PC contents in comparison with the IR group (P<0.05). Light microscopy of the IR group showed tubular dilatation, tubular necrosis and vacuole formation in epithelial cells. Erdosteine but not NAC apparently reduced the renal tissue damage. The pathological damage score after IR was significantly reduced after erdosteine treatment (P<0.05), but not after NAC treatment. In conclusion, renal IR resulted in oxidative damage as seen in biochemical lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation results with aggravated tubular necrosis. Erdosteine and NAC treatments improved the biochemical results of IR injury. However, on microscopic evaluations, animals receiving erdosteine showed a great reduction in renal damage when compared with the NAC group.

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The prevention of doxorubicin (DXR)-induced cardiotoxicity may be helpful to improve future DXR therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardio-protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an antioxidant agent, on DXR-induced cardiotoxicity. Rats were divided into three groups and treated with saline, DXR and DXR + CAPE. Rats were treated with CAPE (10 micromol x kg(-1) day(-1) i.p.) or saline starting 2 days before a single dose of DXR (20 mg x kg(-1) i.p.). Ten days later, haemodynamic measurements were performed and the hearts were excised for biochemical analyses and microscopic examination. The heart rate and mean blood pressure were higher and the pulse pressure was lower in the DXR group than in the other two groups. The administration of DXR alone resulted in higher myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content than in the other groups. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in DXR and DXR + CAPE groups than in the saline group. Rats in the DXR + CAPE group had increased catalase activity in comparison with the DXR group and high glutathione peroxidase activity in comparison with the other two groups. There was severe disruption of mitochondrial fi ne structure in the electron microscopy of the DXR group. In contrast, myocardial microscopy appeared nearly normal in the DXR + CAPE group (as de fi ned at the electron microscopic level). In light of these in vivo haemodynamic, enzymatic and morphological results, we conclude that CAPE pretreatment significantly attenuated DXR-induced cardiac injury, possibly with its antioxidant effects.

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