In Brazil, Hyphessobrycon callistus is an important commercially exploited species and it is an ideal animal for studying damages caused by the effects of heavy metal that are often detected in the aquatic environment. The main purpose of the present study was to detect the acute toxicity of Cd to H. callistus and investigate its effects on oxygen consumption, ammonium excretion, and the neutral red retention time assay to estimate effects at the cellular level. Such investigations have not been carried out before with this species. Acute toxicity of Cd to H. callistus in 24h, 48h, 72h, and 96h medium lethal concentration (LC50) was showed to be 45.95, 32.49, 28.28, and 15.16 mg/l, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that exposure of fish to 1.5 mg/l Cd caused reduction in oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion of 59% and 71.5%, respectively as compared to controls.

RESUMO:Ensaios ecotoxicológicos têm sido utilizados como uma importante ferramenta na avaliação da qualidade ambiental. Com o objetivo de destacar o uso de organismos nativos em ensaios crônicos de curta duração, este estudo avaliou o potencial do peixe Hyphessobrycon callistus. Ensaios semiestáticos foram realizados expondo organismos adultos às concentrações de 0,5; 0,75; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; e 2,5 mg.L-1 ao Cloreto de amônia (NH 4 Cl). A resposta de sensibilidade foi cerca de 3 a 4 vezes menor que os demais ensaios reportados na literatura. Dessa forma, estudos complementares são necessários para estabelecer as condições ótimas de exposição e verificar a possibilidade de efeitos subletais mais sensíveis. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Toxicidade. Amônia. Meio Ambiente.ABSTRACT: Ecotoxicological assays have been used as an important tool in the evaluation of environmental quality. With the objective to emphasize the relevance of the use of native organisms in short-duration chronic assays, this study evaluated the potential of Hyphessobrycon callistus. Static tests were carried through exposing adult organisms to the following concentrations of Ammonia Chloride (NH 4 Cl): 0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; e 2.5 mg.L-1. The sensitivity response was about 3 to 4 times lesser than that of assays reported in the literature. This way, complementary studies are necessary to establish the optimal conditions of exposition and to verify the possibility of a more sensible subletal effect. KEYWORDS:Toxicity. Ammonia. Environment. RESUMEN:Los análisis ecotoxicológicos se han utilizado como herramienta importante en la evaluación de la calidad ambiental. Con el objetivo de acentuar la importancia del uso de organismos nativos en análisis crónicos de corta duración, este estudio evaluó el potencial del Hyphessobrycon callistus. Pruebas estáticas fueron realizadas exponiendo organismos adultos a las siguientes concentraciones del cloruro de amoníaco (NH 4 Cl): 0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; e 2.5 mg.L-1. La respuesta de la sensibilidad fue cerca de 3 a 4 veces menos que el de los análisis divulgados en la literatura. Así, se necesitan estudios complementarios como para establecer las condiciones óptimas de exposición y verificar la posibilidad de un efecto subletal más sensible. PALABRAS-LLAVE:Toxicidad. Amoníaco. Ambiente.

Despite their importance for water management, long-term studies on trophic state are relatively scarce in subtropical reservoirs. We analyzed total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in the Billings Reservoir (Brazil) over time: Phase 1 (1977-1992, Tietê River water was pumped to Billings to increase energy generation, 100 m(3) s(-1)); Phase 2 (1992-2007, Tietê water was conveyed to Billings only in special cases for flood avoidance, 8 m(3) s(-1)); and Phase 3 (2007-2010, besides flood control, Billings received Tietê water treated by an in situ flotation system, 13 m(3) s(-1)). We compared our results with data from 12 reservoirs to evaluate current (2005-2009) enrichment conditions. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations decreased (p < 0.05, MANOVA) from Phase 1 to 2 and were stable thereafter. TN/TP ratios increment (1977-2010) indicated shift from N- to P-limitation in the reservoir, affecting the phytoplankton. Nutrient levels in Billings are currently between the expected concentrations in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs (0.03 mg L(-1) < TP < 0.42 mg L(-1), 0.8 mg L(-1) < TN < 7.6 mg L(-1)) and Chl a concentrations exceeded 34 μg L(-1), median for the eutrophic waterbodies from the dataset. Although water quality in Billings has improved, nutrient inputs from Tietê River pumping episodes, diffuse and internal sources are still favoring biomass accrual and compromising water uses.

The management of urban water resources plays an important role for developing countries. The Tietê and Pinheiros Rivers (São Paulo, Brazil) are affected by domestic and industrial effluents and by the diffuse pollution. This research aimed to quantify 134 variables in the water of Tietê and Pinheiros Rivers (approximately 7,200 and 6,600 analyses, respectively) from August 2007 to December 2008. The idea was to verify if the fact that both rivers are located in the same basin is enough to consider the application of a single management plan for both. Data showed that the rivers presented significant anthropogenic interference. The results suggested that such rivers must be subjected to individual management plans since there were exclusive occurrences (variables that were only detected in one of the rivers). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between rainy and dry periods for eleven variables (p*<0.05, ANOVA), reinforcing the special importance of the temporal component within the monitoring program. It is expected that this study subsidize environmental recovery programs in the Tietê River, to which is recommendable to focus on prosecution of illegal wastewater releases, and in the Pinheiros River, to which special attention is suggested to the pollution derived from the pesticides load to the water body.

Pinheiros River (Brazil) plays a pivotal role in supplying water to Billings Reservoir, which presents multiple uses (human drinking, energy generation, irrigation, navigation, fishing and leisure). An intense monitoring program was performed during the years 2007 and 2008 to find out whether on site flotation is a feasible solution or not for improving the water quality of this urban river, attenuating the pollutants load caused by the water pumping to the reservoir (approximately 10 m³ s⁻¹). The monitoring of 18 variables (13,429 laboratorial analysis during the period of 490 days), suggested that despite the convenience of the on site approach for water treatment, especially for rivers located in fully urbanized areas, the flotation system is not enough itself to recover Pinheiros River water quality, given the several constraints that apply. Total phosphorus removal was high in percentage terms (about 90%), although the remaining concentrations were not so low (mean of 0.05 mg L⁻¹). The removal efficiency of some variables was insufficient, leading to high final mean concentrations of metals [e.g. aluminium (0.29 mg L⁻¹), chromium (0.02 mg L⁻¹) and iron (1.1 mg L⁻¹)] as well as nitrogen-ammonia (25.8 mg L⁻¹) and total suspended solids (18 mg L⁻¹) in the treated water.