Objective The present study has been designed to evaluate urinary nephrin that best predicts the occurrence of renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its correlation with clinical parameters of nephropathy. Materials and Methods A total of 80 type 2 diabetes mellitus and 40 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited. Biochemical and clinical parameters were analyzed in all the study participants. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the differences between the groups. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to analyze the association of nephrin with clinical parameters of nephropathy. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to study the diagnostic accuracy of markers to identify diabetic nephropathy. Results The levels of nephrin were significantly elevated in both groups of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients when compared with healthy individuals (p = 0.0001). The urinary nephrin was positively correlated with hemoglobin A1c and urinary albumin creatinine ratio (r = 0.520, 0.657, p < 0.0001) and negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = –0.539, p < 0.0001). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of nephrin for nephropathy were 100 and 88%, respectively, and urinary albumin creatinine ratio was 43 and 76%, respectively. Conclusion The study findings suggest that nephrin levels are strongly and positively associated with nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and it has a greater potential to be an early predictable marker of nephropathy than urinary albumin creatinine ratio.

Objective: This study aimed to to evaluate the variation and importance of certain hematological, enzymatic, and oxidative stress markers in women with breast cancer under chemotherapy treatment. Methods: The study comprised forty histopathologically proven female breast cancer patients at Omega Cancer Hospital in Visakhapatnam. All subjects were divided into four groups: a control group of 40 healthy females of similar age, a group of 40 breast cancer patients (before chemotherapy, during chemotherapy, and after chemotherapy), and all subjects were undergoing treatment with anticancer agents. Results: During chemotherapy, lipid peroxidation and Nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly increased in AC-treated breast cancer patients than in controls. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were non-significant increase in treatment group than controls. Whereas biochemical profiles, were decreased in treatment group than controls. In AC-treated breast cancer patients, Hematological profiles were found significantly reduced than in controls. Conclusion: Chemotherapy causes a certain amount of systemic oxidative stress, which persists during subsequent clinical interventions and may influence the patients' clinical outcomes. Chemotherapy produced significant adverse effects such as anaemia, neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic dysfunction as a side effect of treatment due to disturbed and lowered levels of haematological parameters.breast cancer