Objective: The present work was carried out to design microemulsion gel system for transdermal delivery of the drug to minimize the side effects and to reduce the frequency of administration and for prolonging the duration of action. Methods: Tramadol, an opioid analgesic drug, was mixed with various selected polymers such as sodium alginate (SA), acacia, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and Eudragit in geometric mixing ratios. The drug, polymer, and other excipients were mixed thoroughly by trituration method and different formulations (F1-F8) were prepared the same quantity of all the ingredients excepting the polymers. Results: The different formulations prepared, studied, and showed that the formulation using SA as polymeric carrier had a better effect on the evaluated parameters. The drug-SA formulation exhibited better drug-polymer compatibility, optimal viscosity (2750 cps), zeta potential (−26.1 Mv), and particle size distribution (262.8 d.nm) values. The in vitro release studies also indicated that the drug-SA formulation was of desirable release pattern, thus indicating that SA to be a better choice in formulating a transdermal delivery gel system. Conclusion: Evaluated microemulsion gel formulation F2 of tramadol with polymeric carriers SA was much stable than other carriers used. Thus, it could be concluded that the gel formulation with SA can be taken as an ideal formulation.

Problem statement: "Grid" computing has emerged as an important new field, distinguished from conventional distributed computing by its focus on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications and, in some cases, high-performance orientation. The role of middleware is to ease the task of designing, programming and managing distributed applications by providing a simple, consistent and integrated distributed programming environment. Essentially, middleware is a distributed software layer, which abstracts over the complexity and heterogeneity of the underlying distributed environment with its multitude of network technologies, machine architectures, operating systems and programming languages. Approach: This study brought out the development of supportive middleware to manage resources and distributed workload across multiple administrative boundaries is of central importance to Grid computing. Active middleware services that perform lookup, scheduling and staging are being developed that allow users to identify and utilize appropriate resources that provide sustainable system and user-level qualities of service. Results: Different middleware platforms support different programming models. Perhaps the most popular model is object-based middleware in which applications are structured into objects that interact via location transparent method invocation. Conclusion: The Object Management Group's CORBA platform offer an Interface Definition Language (IDL) which is used to abstract over the fact that objects can be implemented in any suitable programming language, an object request broker which is responsible for transparently directing method invocations to the appropriate target object and a set of services such as naming, time, transactions, replication which further enhance the programming environment.

The focus of bioanalysis employed for the quantitative determination of an active analyte(s) and their metabolite(s) in the biological matrix such as plasma, serum, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissues. The extraction of analyte and metabolite in the biological fluids is carried out using different separation methods such as protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, and solid phase extraction. Bioanalytical method development and validation in the pharmaceutical industry are to provide an assessment and interpretation of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicokinetics, bioavailability/bioequivalence, and therapeutic drug monitoring relationships. This review paper aims to provide a simple and accurate scientific background to improve the quality for development and validation of a bioanalytical method for small molecules with industrial technique as per regulatory agency requirements (United States Food and Drug Administration, EMEA, International Council for Harmonisation and ANVISA).

The branches of science like Nano medicine, Nano technology, Nano chemistry and Nano science are a few of those departments that have the word 'nano' in their name and were frequently published in books and journals and became familiar to the public and the research professionals too. It was an emerging science in the 20th century and is the trend currently. It is not a single isolated technique or method that is applicable in one field, but it is multi-dimensional and is applied in various fields considering the advantages. Its arena ranges from the synthesis, designs, large scale production and potential application of nano-sized materials. They are the systems of a matrix of drug carriers that are uniformly dispersed in the polymeric membranes. This review concentrates on the methods of preparation of nano particles, evaluation methods, advantages and applications of nano particles in medicine. Nanotechnology mostly provides better drug delivery in order to transfer into the smaller parts of the body. This is mostly implemented to enter the ultrathin areas in the body. So, the drugs such as genetic medicine can easily permeated into the cell walls to produce maximum growth within a few more years. The doctors are paid by the patients. The patients who are receiving this therapy shows better bioavailability, decreased drug toxicity, lesser cost of treatment, and extend the life of proprietary drugs.