A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons at Centre for Agriculture and Pastoral Research (CAPAR) of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and inter-row spacing on herbage yield and some yield parameters of Rhodes grass. A factorial combination of five fertilizer levels (0, 100, 120, 140 and 160 kgNha-1) and three inter row spacing (30, 50 and 70 cm) were used, making fifteen treatments combinations, which were laid out in a RCBD replicated four times. Determination of herbage dry matter yield at the end of 12 weeks post planting was carried out using a 0.25 m2 (0.5 m x 0.5 m) area metallic frame (Quadrat). The herbage was harvested at 5 cm above ground level using hand Sickle from the four plots for each treatment. The samples collected ware oven dried for the determination of dry matter yield, while determination of number of leaves and number of tillers per plant was done by counting the numbers of individual leave and tillers of each of the representative plant sample. The result revealed that, Application of 160 KgNha-1 generally produced higher (P < 0.05) dry matter yield, number of leaves and number of tillers compared to the rest of the treatment, There was no significant (P > 0.05) effect of inter row spacing in both 2016, 2017 and the years combined on herbage dry matter yield, however significant (P < 0.05) effect of spacing was observed in 2016, 2017 and the years combine on the numbers of leaves and numbers of tiller. Inter-row spacing of 70cm showed superiority among the treatments in the herbage yield compositions investigated compared to 50 and 30cm spacings.

Goat diseases can cause huge economic loss to the farmers, due to intensification of goat farming and poor management practices. Several factors like overpopulated herd size, poor ventilation and poor management system can predispose to disease. Fomites such as water and feed troughs, as well as bedding can also probably transmit disease for a short time, but do not remain infectious for long periods. Goats form an integral part of Animal production in most rural and urban communities, their economic advantage is primarily associated with the ease of handling as it favors small scale investment, minimum risk of loss and high reproductive efficiency. Goats are mainly kept for meat, milk, manure, wool and immediate cash sources. Effort to improve the productivity of livestock in most countries can be hindered by numerous factors which include infectious and non-infectious diseases that result in countless number of goat loss due to diseases thereby reducing the productive capacity of goat keeping and management.

Chloramphenicol a broad spectrum antibiotic was tested on broiler birds to evaluate the effect of its prolonged administration on heamatological parameters, identification of histopathological changes on organs (Liver, Spleen and Kidneys) and to determine if prolonged effect has effects on weight gain and mortality rate. One hundred and twenty day old chicks from Kamadex Ibadan were used for the experiment. The birds were assign to two (2) treatments and control group each replicated in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD), birds in treatment one (T1) were administered normal dose of Chloramphenicol (250 mg/Kg), while treatment two (T2) were served with triple dose in medicated water served ad-lib for seven weeks, while the control (T3) were served with un-medicated water ad-lib. Samples (blood, liver, kidney and spleen) were collected and analyzed after 8 weeks of the experiment. Birds showed significant variations in heamatological values across treatments. Lymphocysts count: treatment two (T2) was higher than the treatment one (T1) whereas that of (T3) was found to be less, compared to those of T1 and T2. Heterophils: T3 was higher than the T1 while that of T2 was less as compared to T3 and T1. Basophil: T1 was higher than T3 while that of T2 was less. A lower value was observed in weight gain with birds on T2 as compared to T1 and T3. The liver of birds on T1 and T2 were significantly larger than those on T3. High mortality was recorded in birds on T2 compared to those in T3 and T2. The histopathological pictures of the liver, kidney and the Spleen depict a varying degree of necrosis and hemorrhagic foci on all the organs, the changes were much severe on T2 as compared to those of T1 and T3.

A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons at Centre for Agriculture and Pastoral Research (CAPAR) of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and inter-row spacing on Leave length and Leave width of Rhodes grass as indices of growth. A factorial combination of five fertilizer levels (0, 100, 120, 140 and 160 kgNha-1) and three inter row spacing (30, 50 and 70 cm) were used, making fifteen treatments combinations, which were laid out in a RCBD replicated four times. Determination of leave length and leave width was done at 3, 6, 9 and 12WAS using a meter rule. The data obtained were statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the GenStat 64-bit Release 17.1 (software) to elucidate the valid information from the data. The result revealed that, application of 160 KgNha-1 generally produced plants with longer and broader (P<0.05) leaves compared to the rest of the treatments, however there was generally significant (P>0.05) effect of inter row spacing in both 2016, 2017 and the years combined, inter-row spacing of 70 cm showed superiority amongst the treatments in the leaves length and leave width parameters investigated as compared to 50 and 30 cm spacings.

A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 rainy seasons at Centre for Agriculture and Pastoral Research (CAPAR) of the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and inter-row spacing on chemical compositions of Rhodes grass. A factorial combination of five fertilizer levels (0, 100, 120, 140 and 160 kgNha-1) and three inter row spacing (30, 50 and 70 cm) were used, making (15) treatments combinations, which were laid out in a RCBD replicated four times. The data obtained was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), using CRD with two repetitions, Least Significant difference (LSD was used for the separation of means. The sample for each treatment was analyzed for chemical composition using A.O.A.C procedure (CP) was determined by Kjeldahl method, Ash was determined by burning the herbage sample in a furnace at 550-650°C for 3 hours. Ether extract (EE) was estimated by using Sohlex extraction method, crude fibre (CF) was determined by sequential acid and alkali extractions from the residue obtained after fat extraction. Nitrogen free extract (NFE) was calculated as residual component of the feed dry matter; the result revealed that, application of 160 kgNha-1 consistently recorded higher values (P<005) for CP, NFE and EE and lower values for the CF and Ash contents of the samples. 70cm Spacing showed superiority among the treatments in the chemical compositions investigated compared to 50 and 30 cm spacings. It may be concluded that application of 160 kgNha-1 and 70 cm spacing gave better (P<0.05) nutrient quality of Rhodes grass in the study area.