Background: The clinical symptoms, cellular immune response, and serum cytokine homeostasis during falciparum malaria among children living in endemic regions depend on the parasite densities. This study aims to evaluate the CD4 þ and CD8 þ T cells, leucocytes subpopulations, IL-6, IL-10 and biomarkers of oxidative stress among children infected with varying grades of malaria attending the
The relationship between oil price shocks and economic growth (GDP) examined in many studies is assumed to be linear. However, this may incorrectly specify if the relationship is nonlinear. The few existing studies that modelled the relationship in dynamic form focused on developed oil-exporting or importing countries leaving dearth of studies on developing oil-backed countries whose oil price fluctuations may be more pronounced. Thus, this study examines asymmetric effects of oil price shocks on economic growth, focusing on Angola and Nigeria. We applied Nonlinear ARDL method to capture both the long-and short-run asymmetric effects with nonlinear error correction in a single equation. GDP and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent (BRT) oil prices data of 1980-2015 were employed and analyzed. Our results revealed that oil price-growth nexus for Angola and Nigeria is asymmetric. We found that oil prices have significant impacts with positive and negative effects on Nigerian economy, while only negative impact turns to be significant for Angola. Nonetheless, application of expansionary monetary policy for stabilizing these economies to support oil revenue in the wake of oil price fall may have little effect.
The stochastic nature of tool wear during wood machining, owing to the dynamic properties of the biological material and its dependence on various factors, has raised significant industrial and research concerns in recent years. Explicitly, the tool wear is a product of the interaction between wood properties (such as hardness, density, and contamination level) and machining parameters (such as cutting speed, feed rate, and rake angle) alongside ambient conditions (such as temperature and humidity). The objective of this review paper is to provide an overview of recent advancements in the field of wood machining. To begin with, it highlights the important role of wood properties and ambient conditions influencing tool wear. Furthermore, the paper examines the various mechanisms involved in the wood-machining process and discusses their cost implications from an industrial perspective. It also covers technological advancements in the characterization of tool wear and explores the relationship between this parameter and other machining variables. It provides critical and analytical discussions on various methods for enhancing tool wear, including heat treatment, cryogenic treatment, thermochemical treatment, coating deposition, and hybrid treatments. Additionally, the paper incorporates statistical analysis to achieve two objectives. Firstly, it aims to identify the most significant wood property that affects tool wear and establish the correlation between this parameter and wood properties. Secondly, it investigates the effect of heat treatment parameters and carbide characteristics on tool wear as well as their correlation. Lastly, the review provides recommendations based on relevant literature for prospective researchers and industrial counterparts in the field. These recommendations aim to guide further exploration and practical applications in the subject matter.
This article investigated the mechanical performance and corrosion behaviour of a diffusion-bonded A5083 aluminium/A36 mild steel dissimilar joint with a Gallium (Ga) interlayer. The bonding parameters were the bonding temperature (525 and 550 °C), holding time (60 and 120 min) and surface roughness (800 and 1200 grit). Property characterisation was achieved using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Vickers microhardness tester, Izod impact tester and potentiodynamic polarisation testing. The results revealed that the significance of the bonding parameters was in the order bonding temperature > surface roughness > holding time. Increasing the bonding temperature resulted in an increase in the impact strength and a corresponding reduction in the corrosion rate and microhardness. However, increasing the grit size decreased the microhardness and a corresponding increase in the impact strength and corrosion rate. The impact strength and corrosion rate decreased with the increasing holding time while the microhardness followed a reverse trend. It was also discovered that incorporating the Ga interlayer resulted in a 67.9% improvement in the degradation rate.
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