This work presents an aerodynamic optimization method for a Droop Nose Leading Edge (DNLE) and Morphing Trailing Edge (MTE) of a UAS-S45 root airfoil by using Bezier-PARSEC parameterization. The method is performed using a hybrid optimization technique based on a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm combined with a Pattern Search algorithm. This is needed to provide an efficient exploitation of the potential configurations obtained by the PSO algorithm. The drag minimization and the endurance maximization were investigated for these configurations individually as two single-objective optimization functions. The aerodynamic calculations in the optimization framework were performed using the XFOIL solver with flow transition estimation criteria, and these results were next validated with a Computational Fluid Dynamics solver using the Transition Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The optimization was conducted at different flight conditions. Both the DNLE and MTE optimized airfoils showed a significant improvement in the overall aerodynamic performance, and MTE airfoils increased the efficiency of CL3/2/CD by 10.25%, indicating better endurance performance. Therefore, both DNLE and MTE configurations show promising results in enhancing the aerodynamic efficiency of the UAS-S45 airfoil.

Newfangled smart materials have inspired the researchers to look for more efficient materials that can respond to specific stimuli and retain the original shape. Electroactive polymers are such materials which are capable of sensing and real-time actuation. Various electroactive polymers are excellent candidates due to high strain rate, fast response, reliability and high mechanical compliance despite tough manufacturing. In this study, electroactive polymers are reviewed and the general enabling mechanisms employing their distinct characteristics are presented, and the factors influencing the properties of various electroactive polymers are also discussed. Our study also enumerates the current trends in the development of electroactive polymers along with its progress in aerospace discipline. The electromechanical properties of electroactive polymer materials endow them the capability to work as both sensors and actuators in the field of aerospace. Hence, we provide an overview of various applications of electroactive polymers in aerospace field, notably aircraft morphing. These actuators are vastly used in aerospace applications like Mars Nano-rover, space robotic, flapping wings and active flap. Therefore, the electroactive polymer applications such as effective actuators can be investigated more in their materials, molecular interactions, electromechanics and actuation mechanisms. Considering electroactive polymers unique properties, they will endeavour the great potential applications within aerospace industry.

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