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Free Space Optics (FSO) is a highly viable solution for high-speed wireless communication and is widely preferred over radio frequency communication systems because of its faster data transmission, no regulatory requirements and highly secure long-range operations. However, the capacity and availability of FSO optical bands are a significant concern in varying atmospheric conditions. Our objective is to enhance network flexibility and expand wireless network coverage in adverse weather conditions by combining optical and FSO links using optical bands C, S, and O. The study analyzed the performance of a hybrid 4 channels FSO-WDM system with a 100GHz or 0.8 nm channel spacing under different conditions, including adverse weather and varying data rates. An attenuation of 0.25 dB/km was fixed, and the system's performance was analyzed up to 3 km. The results showed that as the data rate increased, the system's performance declined, and the O band was the best performer up to 25 Gbit/s. BER values were analyzed at different weather conditions using the Kim model, and the O band consistently outperformed the S and C bands. Eye diagrams were used to evaluate the signal quality, and the O band was shown to perform better than the other two bands, even in adverse weather conditions. Overall, the study suggests that FSO is a viable solution for high-speed wireless communication, particularly when using the O band.

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Fossil fuels are diminishing day by day and are being utilized for various purposes like transportation, electricity generation, cooking and other uses which emits harmful gases. Global warming is increasing due to greenhouse gases. Sunlight is abundant compared to fossil fuels. Photovoltaic (PV) power plant could be one of the best techniques to lessen using of fossil fuels. Effect of different topological integration of solar photovoltaic plant in medium voltage distribution network had been analyzed in this research. Analysis had been done based on 1. loadability (capability of an electrical grid to run the connected load) 2. maximum power input. Fractioning (a way of splitting the total photovoltaic power generation into different size and number of plant) generation effect of PV generators in distribution systems had been found by a comparative study. Results show that change in loadability was due to placement and fraction of solar power plant in various buses. In addition, maximum input power of PV system varied with the placement of generation units among picked buses. Interaction among PV systems, and induction machine had been carried out and the result shows that interaction among PV and induction machine was different in terms of loadability because of fractioning. It had been found that change of loadability occurred due to fractioning and distribution of photovoltaic systems on different types of designed topology.